Black liquor evaporation is generally the most energy intensive unit operation in a pulp and paper manufacturing facility. The black evaporators can represent third or more of total mill steam usage, followed by machine digester. Evaporator economy defined as mass required to evaporate water from (i.e., lb/lb kg/kg.) determined number effects an evaporator train system configuration. Older syst...

The ammonia-water film condensation is used as an efficient working fluid in industrial applications such refrigeration, plate condenser and evaporator, absorber/generator heat exchange, air-conditioning, pumps separation processes. present work focuses on a numerical investigation of water-ammonia falling binary liquid inside parallel by mixed convection. composed two vertical plates. One the ...

Balanced equations of a binary mixture for molecular distillation (MD) were derived on the basis of relation of heat and mass transfer in liquid films on both the evaporating and condensing surface. Effects of feed temperature and condenser temperature on film thickness, film surface temperature and concentration, degree of evaporation and concentration of distillate were analyzed for MD. The l...

Modifications to an automated thermal evaporator were made: A device for angular evaporation was fabricated and a protocol for in vacuum oxidation was developed. The new features allow for versatile fabrication of metaltunnel junction-metal thin film samples. A discussion of the usefulness of tunnel junctions is provided.

The analytic, open-form solution for the steady-state, 2-dimensinal partial differential equation describing the concentration profile for the gas solute in a falling liquid film flowing under a steady-state laminar condition was shown. The overall mass transfer coefficient, c k , for a binary diffusion system, was evaluated in light of the analytic solution and was tested for oxygen absorption...

cyproterone acetate (ca) has been loaded to liposome by solvent evaporation and thin film formation technique. the effects of some formulation variables such as temperature of organic solvent evaporation, rotary evaporator speed, volume of organic solvent, volume of balloon and temperature of hydrating buffer has been evaluated. the data showed that bigger balloon with higher surface area has b...

Coffee extract was freeze-concentrated through block and falling-film techniques. Solute retention and concentration efficiency were determined after one stage of these processes. Ice morphology was characterized through image analysis. Preservation of volatile compounds was determined through GC-MS. The effect of coffee extract on flavour was determined after freeze concentration through senso...

       Cyproterone acetate (CA) has been loaded to liposome by solvent evaporation and thin film formation technique. The effects of some formulation variables such as temperature of organic solvent evaporation, rotary evaporator speed, volume of organic solvent, volume of balloon and temperature of hydrating buffer has been evaluated. The data showed that bigger balloon with higher surface are...