In the following article, two copper coins of Artuqid ruler Fakhr al-Dīn Qarā Arslān are presented and discussed. These widely known, but described interpreted differently. It will be demonstrated how, through superficial observation careless description coins, errors can found even in standard literature. Such errors, as here, lead to interpretations that largely erroneous.

We examine a hitherto unstudied debate, turning on the epistemology of value judgements, between Ashʿarīs and Baṣran Muʿtazilīs late eleventh twelfth centuries. Al-Ghazālī al-Rāzī countered Muʿtazilī ethical realism, here defended by al-Malāḥimī, developing an emotive subjectivism underpinned increasingly sophisticated psychological accounts motivation. Value they maintained, arise not from kno...

İslam düşünce tarihinin en etkili şahsiyetlerinden biri Fahreddin Râzî’dir (ö. 606/1210). Başta metafizik ve teolojik bahisler olmak üzere birçok konu ile ilgili problem oluşturan müşekkik, sorunları mezhepler üstü çözmeye çalışan muhakkik farklı görüşü üst kavramlarda buluşturan câmi kimlikleri, kendinden sonraki bütün düşünürleri ciddi anlamda etkilemiştir. Bu yüzden gelenekte ekoller onun ge...

By the thirteenth century, philosophy, politics and occult science had become deeply entangled in Persianate Islamic world. Two of greatest luminaries this intellectual milieu were Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī (d.1210) Shihāb Yaḥyā Ibn Ḥabash Amīrak al-Suhrawardī (d.1191/2), who at one point fellow students philosophy under a certain Majd al-Jīlī Marāgha northeastern Iran. Both subsequently sought roya...

fakhr al-dīn al-rāzī, theologian and philosopher of the 12th centuriy (1148-1209), has a huge literary production in many scholary disciplines of his time. nothwithstanding some original ideas which are mostly found in his theological and philosophical writings, most of his other works are compilations based on other sources. some of these sources still exist, while most of the others seem to h...