This paper is built on the fundamental of Jorgensen and Sorge considering a differential game about fishery problem. In reality, exploiters can be many because non-excludability common resource. Thus, we expand former two players model to N find more different equilibriums in scenario. Through this, want some guidance for changing resource stock. Further control overexploitation.

Exploiters of protection mutualisms are assumed to represent an important threat for the stability of those mutualisms, but empirical evidence for the commonness or relevance of exploiters is limited. Here, I describe results from a manipulative study showing that an orb-weaver spider, Eustala oblonga, inhabits an ant-acacia for protection from predators. This spider is unique in the orb-weaver...

Plants in multiple symbioses are exploited by symbionts that consume their resources without providing services. Discriminating hosts are thought to stabilize mutualism by preferentially allocating resources into anatomical structures (modules) where services are generated, with examples of modules including the entire inflorescences of figs and the root nodules of legumes. Modules are often co...

Myrmecophytic Acacia species produce food bodies (FBs) to nourish ants of the Pseudomyrmex ferrugineus group, with which they live in an obligate mutualism. We investigated how the FBs are protected from exploiting nonmutualists. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of the FB proteomes and consecutive protein sequencing indicated the presence of several Kunitz-type protease inhibitors (PIs). PIs...

In Multi-Agent Systems (MAS), agents are acting individually and/or in cooperation with other agents in order to fulfill goals set by the initiators of them and thereby maximize some expected utilities. We argue that all form of cooperation is based on an expected raise of some present or future utility and that it should be modelled from a value-perspective. That is, there is no reason for an ...

rangelands are the main sources of forage for livestock feeding by localpeople. beside forage production, rangeland ecosystems provide many other goods andservices such as medicinal plants, recreation, soil and water conservation, wildlife habitat,fishing, hunting, hiking, etc. nevertheless, there are no much information about the waythat local communities think about the rangelands goods and s...

rangelands are known as one of the main income resources for their exploiters.in the recent century, management of iran rangeland has undergone vast transformationsbecause of vulnerable socio-economic conditions of pastoralists. a study was done toprovide a clear picture of the status and utilization of aq qala rangelands via assessinginternal and external environmental factors affecting the ut...

water shortages is one of the main factors inhibiting economic and social development and agriculture in most developing countries, especially in countries located in arid and semi-arid belt of the world. the study tried to investigate the affecting factors on water resources exploitation with considering water utilization pattern and an emphasis on sustainable water use in fars province. due t...