Barrier options are a widely used class of path-dependent derivative securities. These options either cease to exist or come into existence when some pre-specified asset price barrier is hit during the option’s life. Merton (1973) has derived a down-and-out call price by solving the corresponding partial differential equation with some boundary conditions. Reiner & Rubinstein (1991) published c...

In industrialised countries, mortality and morbidity are dominated by age related chronic degenerative diseases. The health and health care needs of future populations will be heavily determined by these conditions of old age. Two opposite scenarios of future morbidity exist: morbidity might decrease ("compress"), because life span is limited, and the incidence of disease is postponed. Or morbi...

This paper investigates patterns of industrial dynamics and competition in the pharmaceutical industry, with particular reference to the consequences of patent expiry in different countries. We focus on the competition at the level of single chemical entities, distinguishing between original brands and generic products. Quarterly data, spanning from July 1987 to December 1998, on sales of pharm...

General principles • Ask the donor to provide a list of the medicines, instruments, and consumables they intend to donate so that you can select only those that you really need and which are appropriate to your practice. • Before accepting any donations of instruments or consumables, make sure that your eye care unit has the appropriate methods, tools, chemical solutions, and equipment in place...

In this paper, we examine the small time-to-expiry behaviour of implied volatility in models of exponential Lévy type. In the at-the-money case, it turns out that the implied volatility converges, as time-to-expiry goes to zero, to the square root of the Gaussian member of the driving Lévy process’ characteristic triplet. In particular, the limit is zero if the Lévy process has no Gaussian part...

We study a free boundary problem arising from American put options. In particular we prove existence and uniqueness for this problem and we derive, and prove rigorously, high order asymptotic expansions for the early exercise boundary near expiry. We provide four approximations for the boundary: one is explicit and is valid near expiry (weeks); two others are implicit involving inverse function...

1. Bottle 1 with approx. 0.5 g lyophilizate, consisting of: citrate buffer, pH approx. 4.6; β-fructosidase, approx. 720 U 2. Bottle 2 with approx. 7.2 g powder mixture, consisting of: triethanolamine buffer, pH approx. 7.6; NADP, approx. 110 mg; ATP, approx. 260 mg; magnesium sulfate 3. Bottle 3 with approx. 1.1 ml suspension, consisting of: hexokinase, approx. 320 U; glucose-6-phosphate dehydr...

OBJECTIVES To estimate the proportion of live-attenuated influenza vaccine (LAIV) doses administered beyond expiry date in children and adolescents during influenza seasons 2013-2014 and 2014-2015 in the UK. DESIGN This was a retrospective cohort study. Two cohorts of children and adolescents who received LAIV from 1 September 2013 to 31 March 2014 and from 1 September 2014 to 31 March 2015 a...

Stability studies play a critical role in assuring product quality at all points in the vaccine life cycle. These studies used to determine vaccine expiry date and vaccine efficacy. Accelerated stability and long term stability study performed for three batches of trivalent oral poliomyelitis vaccine (OPV) and three batches of monovalent OPV (type1) manufactured by Razi institute. After samplin...

A digital calculator algorithm for F-effect calculation in an online environment is presented. The tool gives a value that analyzes the nature of sterilization process thermally processed foods. obtained result reference to “F Soft” software modelling with increasing or decreasing retention time at reaching required F-effect, ensuring microbiological stability and nutritional value, while prese...