This study investigates perceptions of swearing from an expectancy violations perspective. Degree of expectancy violation is hypothesized to depend on several communicator, relationship, contextual, and message characteristics. Results support that expectancy violations are related to the formality of the situation in which swearing occurs and the specific swearing phrase. No support is found f...

Title of Dissertation: EXAMINING THE RELATION BETWEEN STUDENT EXPECTANCY-VALUE MOTIVATION, ACHIEVEMENT IN MIDDLE-SCHOOL PHYSICAL EDUCATION, AND AFTER-SCHOOL PHYSICAL ACTIVITY PARTICIPATION Xihe Zhu, Doctor of Philosophy, 2009 Directed by: Professor Ang Chen Department of Kinesiology School of Public Health The expectancy-value theory (Eccles et al., 1983) explains that student motivation is pri...

Cognitive and developmental approaches have made great strides in describing and predicting alcohol consumption by youth. The present review examines several theories of decision making with regard to alcohol consumption, including subjective expected utility (SEU) theory, the theories of reasoned action and planned behavior, and alcohol-related outcome expectancy theory. In addition, the devel...

Online game providers frequently encounter a dilemma, i.e., should they design games that offer only a limited challenge or ones that are highly challenging which will likely inspire gamers but may also create frustration. This study contributes to efforts to solve this dilemma by establishing when frustration does not reduce continuance intention and is the first answering this research questi...

Life Expectancy and Economic Growth: The Role of the Demographic Transition In this paper we investigate the causal effect of life expectancy on economic growth by explicitly accounting for the role of the demographic transition. In addition to focusing on issues of empirical identification, this paper emphasizes the role of the econometric specification. We present a simple theory of the econo...

Individuals use semantic expectancy - applying conceptual and linguistic knowledge to speech input - to improve the accuracy and speed of language comprehension. This study tested how adults use semantic expectancy in quiet and in the presence of speech-shaped broadband noise at -7 and -12 dB signal-to-noise ratio. Twenty-four adults (22.1 ± 3.6 years, mean ±SD) were tested on a four-alternativ...