Judging from its origin, there is an opinion that Sufism originates Islam. Some say influenced by the practices of other religions, such as Christian priesthood and religions. This article aims to examine comparison between concepts zuhud (asceticism / detachment) wahdat al-wujud (the unity existence) in Islam asceticism hypostatic union Christianity. In Christianity a clerical structure, but d...

The distinction between esoteric and exoteric readings of Plato will be revisited in this article with respect to two esoteric approaches: the German Tübingen School and the American Straussians (i.e., those interpreters who have been inspired by the work of Leo Strauss). There appears to be a joint motivation for these two approaches, namely, the critique of writing in the dialogue Phaedrus an...

Qur’ān translations are forms of traditional or rational tafāsīr [exegeses]. Laleh Bakhtiar, an Iranian-American who converted from Christianity to Islam, applied a approach in her translation. Extensive research has surveyed Bakhtiar’s feminist perspectives (Kidwai, 2018) and reliance on dictionaries (Hassen, 2012). However, the investigation influence Sufī views translation not been previousl...

Tsongkhapa (1357-1419) was the founder of the Gelugpa or “Yellow Hat” order of Tibetan Buddhism. This soon became the dominant order in Tibet, making Tsongkhapa Tibet’s most influential teacher. Not only was this great reformer the leading teacher of the known or exoteric teachings, but according to Theosophical sources, he was also the leading teacher of the secret or esoteric teachings, the W...

This article analyzes the Quranic Hermeneutics according to Nâser Makârem Shîrâzî concerning al-Mahdi theme in al-Amthal Tafseer. He interpreted al-Mahdi’s verses and diverted them another meaning beyond text. It is a forced interpretation fit desired theme, that Al-Râzî cannot justify, even for religion’s ideology. A descriptive analytical method using hermeneutic approach on Q.S. al-Anbiya’ [...

In light of new discoveries his writings, recent studies on the medieval Japanese monk Y?sai (or Eisai; 1141–1215) have moved away from longstanding preoccupations with role in establishing Zen Japan and instead stress career-long orientation as an esoteric Buddhist Tendai school. Although these revisions led to innovative readings promotion tea first fascicle Record Nourishing Life by Drinking...

Abstract The proper place of Judah Halevi’s thought in the initial emergence and subsequent development medieval kabbalah has been subject debate for centuries. general consensus it that Kuzari was not much more than a convenient repository terms. This study measures extent impact on early by using ’s reasons sacrificial rite as test case. Halevi offered an exoteric, rationalistic explanation a...

quranic knowledge and injunctions can be explained and understood in three levels, and its full grasp will not be possible without considering the prophet¨s interpretation of the qur'an. it is necessary for an interpreter of the qur'an to have access to the prophet¨s interpretation. that is why imam ali, the rightful successor of the prophet, is regarded as the second interpreter or, ...