civil liability in electronic communications is one the most important issues of information and communications technology (ict) law. civil liability may be arisen from different causes such as copyright and trade mark infringement invasion of privacy and defamation. when discussing civil liability, two different civil liability systems may be considered: direct and indirect civil liability. in...

sometimes, following of islamic law, there is a liability of paternal relatives, relatives and public treasury that some of the jurists say that this liability is a against of personal liability and therefore they oppose or limit this liability. but the analysis of this liability shows that this liability is a tort. in the other hand, in some of the countries the vicarious liability is a princi...

where the debtor fails to perform the contract, he would have contractual liability. (this amount to contractual liability of the debtor) can debtor have the right to ignore contractual liability and invoke for tortuous? right to choose is definitely raised where non-performance of contract amounts to contractual liability as well as tortuous liability. some confirm this right to choose and giv...

This dissertation consists of three essays organized as chapters. On the first chapter, I revisit the discussions which evaluate different fluctuations of major economic variables produced by different monetary policy rules for small open economies, given the existence of liability dollarization. In particular, monetary rules which either include or exclude exchange rate stability as a monetary...

Liability dollarization of the domestic banking system represents a source of vulnerability for emerging market countries. The root cause is a lack of faith in the domestic currency, which ultimately stems from the belief that the government will not follow policies that promote longrun currency stability. This paper presents a model in which government myopia determines the unofficial dollariz...

one of the evolutions in tort law is the colectivisation of civil liability. in the past, civil liability was collective and the effects of the person guilty haven imposed on the all members of family. then with developing of civilizations and with appearance of principle of personal liability, the collective liability has been changed to personal liability. but nowadays according to the opinio...

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