Given the focus on health systems in the post-millennium development goal era and moving towards the sustainable development goals, there is a compelling need for a common framework for health policy and systems research ethics to guide researchers and facilitate review by research ethics committees. A consultation of global health policy and systems research and ethics experts was convened to ...

The ransom dilemma problem all around the world raises not only moral concerns for government, but also society as a whole in whether to save kidnapped person or do nothing against it. While U.S. and U.K. deal with this according its strict laws regulations ruthlessly order preserve integrity of society, European Union deals it more flexible is oriented toward human-centered approach. This pape...

Abstract This article is about the role of factual uncertainty for moral decision-making as it concerns ethics machine (i.e., decisions by AI systems, such autonomous vehicles, robots, or decision support systems). The view that defended here uncertainties require a normative evaluation and faces triple-edged problem, which what ought to do, given its technical constraints, decisional acceptabl...

As the end of 1990s draws ever closer, organizations are “making the dash to the year 2000 finish line.” Unfortunately, this is no small task. Moreover, the year 2000 concerns of many organizations will not end on January 1, 2000. Systems failures will inevitably occur, and experts predict that the year 2000 (Y2K) problem will lead to numerous lawsuits costing enterprises vast sums of money. Wi...

Psychiatrists diagnose mental illness in patients against a climate of opinion in which the value of diagnosis is questioned and non-medical formulations of the problems of psychiatric patients are put forward. Nevertheless the classic diagnostic terminology shows no sign of disappearing. The patients may find that a psychiatric diagnostic label is a stigma and has bad consequences. They may al...

What ethical considerations are made in decisions on distribution of scarce health care resources? Are the distributional decisions consciously based on explicit ethical principles, and if so, what principles? Both theoretical and political arguments on distribution of scarce medical resources frequently make simultaneous considerations of costs, probability of positive effects of medical treat...

Review boards responsible for vetting the ethical conduct of research have been criticised for their costliness, unreliability and inappropriate standards when evaluating some non-medical research, but the basic value of mandatory ethical review has not been questioned. When the standards that review boards use to evaluate research proposals are applied to review board practices, it is clear th...