................................................................................................. 1 LIST OF ORIGINAL PAPERS .................................................................. 2 ABBREVIATIONS....................................................................................... 3 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................5-29...

Phenolic environmental estrogens (PEEs) are representative of estrogens, which commonly known as bisphenol, alkyl phenols, triazine herbicides, and non-steroidal such diethylstilbestrol. Diethylstilbestrol is on the list drugs other compounds prohibited in food animals. Therefore, control its illegal use has become a very urgent problem, it necessary to analyze estrogen residue water samples. I...

We describe a simple method for extraction of estrogens that is efficient over the whole polarity range of estrogen metabolites in urine and plasma. A small reversed-phase C18 cartridge (Sep-Pak C18, Waters Associates, Inc.) is used for this purpose. After application of the biological fluid, followed by an aqueous wash, estrogens are eluted in 3 mL of methanol. For urine the pH should be kept ...

A. " Genomic " and " nongenomic " mechanisms B. Steroid hormone actions on gene expression C. Subtypes of estrogen receptors D. Steroid hormone actions on putative receptors on membranes E. Rapid actions of steroids on neuronal excitability F. Steroid hormone actions via second messengers G. Neuroprotective effects of estrogens H. Summary III. Areas of the Brain Affected Outside of the Hypothal...

John A. McLachlan and Steven F. Arnold n many ways, the story of the pesticide DDT is the story of America's attitude toward synthetic chemicals in the environment. DDT was the first of many new pesticides that people hoped would improve the quality of their lives, but gradually it became clear that such progress often had a cost. DDT was one of the first environmental chemical agents to*be ban...

The present study shows that ozonation of effluents from municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is likely to be a future treatment solution to remove estrogens and xeno-estrogens. The required ozone dose and electrical energy for producing the ozone were determined in two WWTP effluents for removal of 17 estrogenic chemicals. The estrogenic compounds included parabens, industrial phenols...

The effects of estrogens on ovarian aromatase activity were investigated in vitro using granulosa cells from immature hypophysectomized estrogen-primed rats. The cells were cultured for 3 days in an androgen-free medium in the presence of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), with or without the specified estrogen. After washing, the cells were reincubated for 5 h with M androstenedione, and the ...

BACKGROUND Estrogens are potent nongenomic phospho-activators of extracellular-signal-regulated kinases (ERKs). A major concern about the toxicity of xenoestrogens (XEs) is potential alteration of responses to physiologic estrogens when XEs are present simultaneously. OBJECTIVES We examined estrogen-induced ERK activation, comparing the abilities of structurally related XEs (alkylphenols and ...

background: estrogens include estoril (e3), estradiol and estrone (e1). these chemicals are produced in human and animal bodies as well as in synthetic chemicals (drugs). estrogens can enter water sources in different ways. when these chemicals enter the human body through water and wastewater, they have the ability to mimic or disrupt the normal estrogen activities in humans and animals. estro...