Enamel proteins form a scaffold for growing hydroxyapatite crystals during enamel formation. They are then almost completely degraded during enamel maturation, resulting in a protein content of only 1% (w/v) in mature enamel. Nevertheless, this small amount of remaining proteins has important effects on the mechanical and structural properties of enamel and on the electrostatic properties of it...

In some circumstances the erosive effects of inertial (transient) cavitation have been usefully employed in the acceleration of chemical processes that are dependent on surface reactions. However, in other situations the erosion of materials can be detrimental. For example erosion/corrosion phenomena have been well documented. It will be demonstrated here that the employment of inertial cavitat...

Erosion of orogenic mountain ranges exhumes deeply buried rocks and controls weathering, climate, and sediment production and transport at a variety of scales. Erosion also affects the topographic form and kinematics of orogens, and it may provide dynamic feedbacks between climate and tectonics by spatially focused erosion and rock uplift. Thermochronology measures the timing and rates at which...

Sediment is the greatest pollutant of forest streams. In the absence of wildfire, forest road networks are usually the main source of sediment in forest watersheds. An understanding of forest road erosion processes is important to aid in predicting sediment delivery from roads to streams. The flowpath followed by runoff is the key to understanding road erosion processes. On rutted roads, the fl...

[1] An analytical method is presented for converting thermochronometric ages to surface erosion or, equivalently, exhumation rate. The method incorporates the two most important thermal processes during cooling by erosion: the dependence of closure temperature on cooling rate and the advection of heat by rock motion toward the Earth’s surface. Two thermal models are considered: (1) a steady sta...

a r t i c l e i n f o Keywords: erosion landscape evolution specific stream power cosmogenic radionuclides paleoclimate climate-tectonic feedback processes The tectonic and climatic boundary conditions of the broken foreland and the orogen interior of the southern Central Andes of northwestern Argentina cause strong contrasts in elevation, rainfall, and surface-process regimes. The climatic gra...

Dental erosion is a prevalent condition that occurs worldwide. It is the result of exposure of the enamel and dentin to nonbacterial acids of extrinsic and intrinsic origin, whereby mineral loss occurs from the surface of the tooth. The most frequently affected areas are the palatal surface of maxillary incisors and the occlusal surface of the mandibular first molars in adolescents. Characteris...

Erosion caused by sand transportation in flow changing devices is a serious concern in the hydrocarbon and mineral processing industry, which entail to failure and malfunction of flow devices. In this study, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with discrete phase models (DPM) were employed for analysis of carbon steel long radius 90-Degree elbow erosion due to the sand concentration of 2, 5 and ...