Introduction: Ultraviolet (UV) radiation affects human organs such as skin, eyes and immune system, as well as animals and plants. The main natural source of UV radiation is the Sun. To study the effects of solar UV radiation there is a need to quantify variations of solar energy received on the earth surface at different intervals. Materials and Methods: To measure UV radiation a broadband fib...

The standard penetration test (SPT) is a widely used in situ method worldwide that can evaluate soil properties based on the blow counts (N-value). N-value depends properties, and energy transferred to drill pipe during hammering. Currently, European American scholars generally believe variation amount of hammer transmitted due different types drop systems primary factor leads variations N-valu...