, the articles were prepared, but publication of the encyclopaedia is put off till the indefinite future. So I have decided to archive the articles lest they be lost. No changes or updates of the articles have been made.

The process of learning is an incremental exploration of a domain; we do not learn the concepts in a domain in an isolated manner, but instead augment our existing knowledge with new concepts. Consequently, when teaching a new concept to a student, her existing knowledge should be employed in a way which facilitates the process of learning. In describing a new concept to a hearer, it is often b...

ketab-ol-ein, which was written by ahmad farahidi, is one of the oldest dictionaries that exist today. in the preliminary discussion we mentioned that, although historical sources show that the work of ibn abbas looks like a dictionary, it is becoming accepted that ketab-ol-ein is the first dictionary. the article starts with explanations about the life and work of khalilibn ahmad. we have also...

Computational Psychiatry is a heterogeneous field at the intersection of computational neuroscience and psychiatry. Incorporating methods from psychiatry, psychology, neuroscience, behavioural economics and machine learning, computational psychiatry focuses on building mathematical models of neural or cognitive phenomena relevant to psychiatric diseases. The models span a wide range from biolog...

THIS little book contains a miscellany of useful information on a great variety of subjects, all of which are of immediate interest to the practical clinical pathologist. It includes in its 382 pages, besides chapters on the major branches of clinical pathology (post-mortem technique and the preparation of histological sections, bacteriology, serology, haematology and biochemistry) sections on ...

Systems in interaction are most common in physics. When parameters (such as mass, electric charge, acceleration, etc.) characterising the system are considered, it is crucial to distinguish between bare parameters, which are the values they would take if the interaction were switched off, and the actually observed parameters. Renormalisation can be defined as any procedure able to transform the...

The Internet-based encyclopædia Wikipedia has grown to become one of the most visited web-sites on the Internet. However, critics have questioned the quality of entries, and an empirical study has shown Wikipedia to contain errors in a 2005 sample of science entries. Biased coverage and lack of sources are among the “Wikipedia risks”. The present work describes a simple assessment of these aspe...