For a TeV energy particle physics, R&D of electron/positron linear colliders has been conducted very hard at many laboratories. Development of high field gradient cavities is one of key issues to realize such a machine. Field emission loading is a dominant phenomenon limiting high field. Particulate contamination on the inner surface is a main source of field emission. In this paper, we report ...

PURPOSE In recent times, longitudinal field MRI-linac systems have been proposed for 6 MV MRI-guided radiotherapy (MRIgRT). The magnetic field is parallel with the beam axis and so will alter the transport properties of any electron contamination particles. The purpose of this work is to provide a first investigation into the potential effects of the MR and fringe magnetic fields on the electro...

The isolation of 55 S particles from mitochondria has been reported. Evidence has been presented which emphasizes the importance of adequate control of contamination during preparation of mitochondria. A satisfactory mitochondrial purification method was attained through the use of radioactive microsomal fractions and electron microscopy to assess the contamination of mitochondria and ribosomes...

In electron microscopy, the films supporting the thin sections should have the following characteristics: (1) a maximum transparency to electrons, (2) a maximum stability when exposed to electron beam, (3) a minimum contamination with dust particles. Formvar films lack stability. If reinforced with evaporated carbon, the transparency to the electron beam is reduced. Removal of the formvar, in o...

Two dosimetry protocols based on absorbed dose to water have recently been implemented: TG-51 and TRS-398. These protocols use different beam-quality indices: %dd(10)x and TPR20,10. The effect of electron contamination in measurements of %dd(10)x has been proposed as a disadvantage of the TG-51. For actual measurements of %dd(10)x in five clinical beams (Primus 6-18 MV, SL-75/5 6 MV, SL-18 6-15...

PURPOSE To create a user friendly, accurate, real time computer simulator to facilitate the design of dual foil scattering systems for electron beams on radiotherapy accelerators. The simulator should allow for a relatively quick, initial design that can be refined and verified with subsequent Monte Carlo (MC) calculations and measurements. METHODS The simulator consists of an analytical algo...