Three different methods to quantize the spherically symmetric sector of electromagnetism are presented: First, it is shown that this sector is equivalent to Abelian BF -theory in four spacetime dimensions with suitable boundary conditions. This theory, in turn, is quantized by both a reduced phase space quantization and a spin network quantization. Finally, the outcome is compared with the resu...

Kaluza’s 1921 theory of gravity and electromagnetism using a fifth wrapped-up spatial dimension is inspiration for many modern attempts to develop new physical theories. For a number of reasons the theory is incomplete and often considered untenable. An alternative approach is presented that more fully unifies gravity and electromagnetism. Emphasis is placed on admitting important electromagnet...

It is argued that once we consider the underpinning of a Non Com-mutative geometry, itself symptomatic of extended particles, for example in Quantum Superstring theory, then a reconciliation between gravitation and electromagnetism is possible.

These third–year lecture notes are designed for a 1–semester course in topological quantum field theory (TQFT). Assumed background in mathematics and physics are only standard second–year subjects: multivariable calculus, introduction to quantum mechanics and basic electromagnetism.

This paper applies the new developed heuristic electromagnetism-like mechanism (EM) algorithm for the permutation flowshop scheduling problem. This algorithm simulates the electromagnetism theory by considering each solution as an electrical charge. Through the attraction-repulsion of the charges, solutions move to the optimality without being trapped into local optima. We make use of random ke...

By mass–energy equivalence, the gravitational field has a relativistic mass density proportional to its energy density. I seek better understand this of by asking whether it plays three traditional roles mass: role in conservation mass, inertial role, and as source for gravitation. The difficult case general relativity is compared more straightforward cases Newtonian gravity electromagnetism wa...

We show that the nonlinear Born-Infeld field equations supplemented by the “dynamical condition” (certain boundary condition for the field along the particle’s trajectory) define perfectly deterministic theory, i.e. particle’s trajectory is determined without any equations of motion. It is a first step towards constructing the consistent theory of point particles interacting with nonlinear elec...

String theory compactifications may generate many light axion-like particles (ALPs) with weak couplings to electromagnetism. In general, a large number of ALPs exist, linear combination having potentially observable coupling The basis in which only one ALP couples electromagnetism is general misaligned the mass basis. This leads mixing between `electromagnetic' and `hidden' that do not interact...