This contribution presents a short review of electric propulsion (EP) technologies for satellites and spacecraft. Electric thrusters, also termed ion or plasma thrusters, deliver a low thrust level compared to their chemical counterparts, but they offer significant advantages for in-space propulsion as energy is uncoupled to the propellant, therefore allowing for large energy densities. Althoug...

objectives: wheelchairs are the prime mobility aid of persons with spinal cord injuries. manual wheelchair propulsion puts a lot of demand on the cardiopulmonary as well as the skeletal system. the main purpose of the study was to compare the effects of both arm ergometry training and progressive resistance exercise training of upper limbs on resting heart rate and distance covered during wheel...

Combining a current source involving vortical surface currents in the set of Maxwell’s equations offers functional framework to address complex phenomena electromagnetic turbulence. The field structure exhibit fluid behavior with associated viscosity and reveal that field, as fluid, shows turbulent properties. This is an entirely new mechanism, investigated for first time best our knowledge. fl...

This contribution is dedicated to developing a thorough physical model of a high-precision planar positioning system. Subject of this investigation is Tetra’s state-of-the-art high-precision planar positioning system “PPS200” using air bearings and electromagnetic coupling as a principle of propulsion. We develop physical models of all components and investigate the influence of various physica...

Field emission cathodes are being considered for use on low-power electrostatic and electromagnetic propulsion systems as well as on electrodynamic tether systems. In these systems, field emission cathodes prevent negative spacecraft charging by emitting a lowpower electron beam that is accommodated by the ambient plasma. Prototype cathodes were tested at the University of Michigan as part of a...

Electromagnetic Formation Flight (EMFF) is a novel propellantless propulsion technology for formation flying satellites. Actuation in relative degrees of freedom for formation flight satellites is provided using electromagnetic forces and reaction wheels. One application for EMFF is stationkeeping for fractionated spacecraft architectures. The benefit of EMFF is that by replacing thrusters for ...

a new approach for propulsion system layout that increases power and enhances the efficiency of submarine propulsion system is proposed.using our method,the efficiency and power of the system enhances without increasing volume and weight. this layout improves the performance compared to the usual layout, which employs double-armature motors in cruise speed where efficiency is more critical. thi...