Understanding the behaviour of space-charge between two electrodes is important for a number of applications. The Shockley-Ramo theorem and equivalent circuit models are useful for this; however, fundamental questions of the microscopic nature of the space-charge remain, including the meaning of capacitance and its evolution into a bulk property. Here we show that the microscopic details of the...

one of the most dazzling events in the atmosphere is lightning. during updrafts in the life cycle of cumulus clouds, collision of graupels and ice crystals in the presence of liquid water results in vertical separation of electrical charges and lightning. there are four types of lightening depending on the location of discharge. the first type is cloud-to-ground lightning or fork lightning that...

We have recently published a series of papers on theory we call collision space-time, that seems to unify gravity and quantum mechanics. In this theory, mass energy are redefined. not so far demonstrated how make it compatible with electric properties such as charge the Coulomb force. The aim paper is show can be reformulated consistent space-time. It shown need incorporate Planck scale into co...

Ž . Plume clouds resulting from wildland fires pyrocumulus sometimes produce lightning discharges to ground. These discharges were found to carry positive charge to ground exclusively in several cases. Emission of space charge was observed from woody materials burned in the presence of an external electric field. Measurements done in a large wind tunnel for this study confirm and extend measure...

The fast calculation of space-charge fields of bunches of charged particles in three dimensional space is a demanding problem in accelerator design. Since particles of equal charge repel each other due to space-charge forces, it is difficult to pack a high charge in a small volume. For this reason, the calculation of space-charge forces is an important part of the simulation of the behaviour of...

The fast calculation of space-charge fields of bunches of charged particles in three dimensional space is a demanding problem in accelerator design. Since particles of equal charge repel each other due to space-charge forces, it is difficult to pack a high charge in a small volume. For this reason, the calculation of space-charge forces is an important part of the simulation of the behaviour of...

In this report, the distribution and deviation of electric field in the active medium of the TE CO2 laser has been investigated due to the injection of net electron charge beam as a plasma generator. Some parameters of system have been considered, such as density and mean-free-path of injected charge beam. The electric potential and electric field distribution have been simulated by solving the...

The Coulomb force applied by an electric field on any charge present in a dielectric liquid may cause fluid motion. At high applied electric fields in an insulating liquid, electric charge carriers are created at metallic/liquid interfaces, a process referred to as ion injection, and result from electrochemical reactions. In this article we deals with the problem of electro thermal convection i...