We investigate the Schwinger pair creation process in the context of gravitational models with the back reaction of the electric field included in the geometry. The background is also an exact solution of type II superstring theory, where the electric field arises by Kaluza-Klein reduction. We obtain a closed formula for the pair creation rate that incorporates the gravitational back reaction. ...

electric power industry have always try to provide reliable electricity to customers and at the same time decrease system costs. high voltage circuit-breakers are an essential part of the power network. this study has developed a maintenance and replacement scheduling model for high voltage circuit- breakers that minimize maintenance costs while maintaining the acceptable reliability. this mode...

Price is a central analytic concept in both neoclassical and old institutional economics. Combining the social network perspective with old and new institutionalist approaches to price formation, this article examines technological, economic, institutional, and political factors that shaped the earliest pricing systems for electricity used in the United States, between 1882 and 1910. We show th...

We present a coordination mechanism for variable-rate electric vehicle (EV) charging that combines the benefits of a decentralized decision making approach with a top-down control mechanism based on price functions. This combination allows independent decisions by self-interested EV agents, while ensuring that aggregate power demand from EV charging converges to a desired profile as determined ...

Numerical computations and order-of-magnitude estimates are used to analyze a jet of a very viscous liquid of finite electrical conductivity that is injected at a constant flow rate in an immiscible dielectric liquid under the action of an electric field. The conditions under which the injected liquid can form an elongated meniscus with a thin jet issuing from its apex (a cone-jet) are investig...

Electrical discharging machining (EDM) has become an outstanding approach in the field of metal cutting especially for conductive metals. It’s very difficult to cut the conducting metals with the aid of traditional machining. The main object of the present work has to investigate the effects of various EDM input parameters like pulse on time (Ton) pulse off time (TOFF) as well as the influence ...

Under which circumstances are variational principles based on entropy production rate useful tools for modeling steady states of electric (gas) discharge systems far from equilibrium? It is first shown how various different approaches, as Steenbeck’s minimum voltage and Prigogine’s minimum entropy production rate principles are related to the maximum entropy production rate principle (MEPP). Se...