[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1186/2193-1801-3-591.].

[1] The probability distribution function (PDF) of the upper (0–50 m) tropical Pacific current speeds (w), constructed from hourly ADCP data (1990–2007) at six stations for the Tropical Atmosphere Ocean project, satisfies the twoparameter Weibull distribution reasonably well with different characteristics between El Nino and La Nina events: In the western Pacific, the PDF of w has a larger peak...

Although anomalous episodic warming of the eastern equatorial Pacific, dubbed El Niño by Peruvian fishermen, has major (and occasionally devastating) impacts around the globe, robust forecasting is still limited to about 6 mo ahead. A significant extension of the prewarning time would be instrumental for avoiding some of the worst damages such as harvest failures in developing countries. Here w...

[1] We used the approach of conditional nonlinear optimal perturbation (CNOP) to investigate optimal precursors for El Nino–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events with a theoretical coupled ocean-atmosphere model. The CNOPs of the annual cycle of the coupled system were computed for different time periods, and the derived CNOPs were compared with the linear singular vectors (LSVs). The results show...

studies of rainfall variation generally focus on large areas. for example, in india, the area average monsoon rainfall series of the whole country or meteorological subdivisions are used. this would be of no use for local agriculture, particularly in places where rainfall is very high or very low, especially for crops like small cardamom and vanilla which are very sensitive to soil moisture and...

[1] A strong relationship between ENSO (El Nino/Southern Oscillation) and atmospheric short-term variability in the near-surface zonal wind is reported in the present study. On one hand, anomalies in the variance of the short-term atmospheric variability over the western Pacific tend to lead El Nino development. On the other hand, the activity of the fast atmospheric variability over the centra...

With new forthcoming intense neutrino beams, for the study of neutrino oscillations, it is possible to consider other physics experiments that can be done with these extreme neutrino fluxes available close to the source.

Whereas the El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) affects weather and climate variability worldwide, the North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) represents the dominant climate pattern in the North Atlantic region. Both climate systems have been demonstrated to considerably influence ecological processes. Several other large-scale climate patterns also exist. Although less well known outside the field o...

The role of neutrinos in big bang nucleosynthesis is reviewed. Neutrino oscillations in the early universe both in resonance and non-resonance case are briefly discussed. BBN and supernova limits on heavy sterile neutrinos with the mass in 10-100 MeV range are presented and compared with direct experimental bounds.