A natural river often finds good paths among lots of possible paths in its ways from the source to destination. These near optimal or optimal paths are obtained by the actions and reactions that occur among the water drops and the water drops with the riverbeds. The intelligent water drops (IWD) algorithm is a new swarm-based optimisation algorithm inspired from observing natural water drops th...

Meliponiculture (keeping stingless bees) is a practice that growing rapidly in the tropical and subtropical regions of world. A limited number studies regarding technique would be most accurate propagating colonies to increase their numbers. Three different artificial propagation techniques were investigated Ladang 10, Universiti Putra Malaysia. techniques, namely splitting, bridging, splitting...

Problems in artificial intelligence can be solved using intelligent tracking methods through search mechanisms. Understandably, algorithm performances are highly dependent on the problem solved. In this study, we evaluate and compare performance of five uninformed informed (breadth-first search, depth first optimal best two heuristic functions, namely mismatched tile Manhattan distance) algorit...

The puzzle associated with the cost of sex, an old problem of evolutionary biology, is discussed here from the point of view of nonequilibrium statistical mechanics. The results suggest, in a simplified model, that the prevalence of sexual species in nature can be a natural and necessary consequence of the discrete character of the nonlinear interactions between couples and their pathogens/para...

Most species of social insects have singly mated queens, but in some species each queen mates with numerous males to create a colony with a genetically diverse worker force. The adaptive significance of polyandry by social insect queens remains an evolutionary puzzle. Using the honeybee (Apis mellifera), we tested the hypothesis that polyandry improves a colony's resistance to disease. We estab...

This paper describes a system which solves the puzzle "Instant Insanity". The puzzle consists of four multicolored cubes. The solution involves arranging the cubes in a tower so that no side of the tower reveals more than one face of a given color. Our system, which runs as eight (multitask) jobs under the PDP-10 time-sharing system, uses a TV camera to locate four objects and, having verified ...

This study analyzes the puzzle of Hungarian economic drifting in a long run perspective. The underlying puzzle for the investigation is why bad policies are invariably popular and good policies unpopular, thus why political and economic rationality never overlap. The first part of the article summarizes in eight points the basic features of the postwar period. Then six lessons are offered, whic...

We prove a conjecture of Knutson asserting that the Schubert structure constants of the cohomology ring of a two-step flag variety are equal to the number of puzzles with specified border labels that can be created using a list of eight puzzle pieces. As a consequence, we obtain a puzzle formula for the Gromov-Witten invariants defining the small quantum cohomology ring of a Grassmann variety o...

'The Casket Letters' is the description of eight letters and a series of poems written in French, alleged by James, Earl of Morton, to have been written by Mary Queen of Scots to the Earl of Bothwell, and to have been found in a silver enamelled box. Other contents were said to be an undated promise in French by Mary to marry Bothwell; and a marriage contract in Scots supposed to have been draf...