Neighborhoods within 2 km of most central business districts of U.S. metropolitan areas experienced population declines from 1980 through 2000 but have rebounded markedly since 2000 at greater pace than would be expected from simple mean reversion. Statistical decompositions reveal that 1980-2000 departures of residents without a college degree (of all races) accounted for most of the declines ...

BACKGROUND Hardcore smokers are smokers who have smoked for many years and who do not intend to quit smoking. The "hardening hypothesis" states that light smokers are more likely to quit smoking than heavy smokers (such as hardcore smokers). Therefore, the prevalence of hardcore smoking among smokers would increase over time. If this is true, the smoking population would become harder to reach ...

BACKGROUND The inverse association between education and mortality has grown stronger the last decades in many countries. During the same period, gains in life expectancy have been concentrated to older ages; still, old-age mortality is seldom the focus of attention when analyzing trends in the education-mortality gradient. It is further unknown if increased educational inequalities in mortalit...

Differentials in child mortality are analyzed by parent's education, health care, and rural-urban residence with data on 7405 currently married women, obtained from the Pakistan Contraceptive Prevalence Survey, 1984-85. The assumption is that educated parents and fathers working in the formal sector have less risks of child mortality than illiterates and those working in the traditional sector...

During the first three decades of the People’s Republic of China, income differences across social classes were compressed. Formal education was not an important determinant of personal income. In this study, there was no difference in income between white-collar and blue-collar families, although white-collar parents had more education than blue-collar parents. In urban China, where population...

The article focuses on the relationship between higher education and post-materialistic attitudes to work, how it has changed following recent expansion of systems in Europe. Using data from European Values Study 28 countries with time frame 1990 2008, analysis shows that previously observed link post-materialism also applies work values. Higher-educated Europeans were both more less materialis...

250 words) Background: Health expectancies vary worldwide according to socioeconomic status (SES). The lower SES usually show health disadvantage and the higher SES a health advantage compared to the average. The educational level of individuals is strongly linked to their SES. Objective: We propose to identify the evolution of SES differentials in health by gender, paying special attention to ...

following a neighborhood-oriented approach, tehran municipality provided citizenship education with the purpose of empowering women. in spite of the large coverage of the project and its high costs, comprehensive studies haven’t been conducted in this area yet. thus, the present study primarily tries to examine the relationship between provided education and the level of empowerment. the resear...

Women education in India plays a very important role the overall development of country. It not only helps half human resources, but improving quality life at home and outside. Educated skilled women tend to promote their girl children, also can provide better guidance all children. Moreover educated help reduction infant mortality rate growth population. Skill means make stronger more confiden...