The effect of an electrical double layer (EDL) on microchannel flow has been studied widely, and a constant bulk electric conductivity is often used in calculations of flow rate or pressure drop. In our experimental study of pressure-driven micropipette flows, the pipette diameter is on the same order of magnitude as the Debye length. The overlapping EDL resulted in a much higher electric condu...

Dynamic epistemic logic as viewed by Baltag, Moss and Solecki (BMS) and propositional dynamic logic (PDL) offer different semantics of events. On the one hand, BMS adds dynamics to epistemic logic by introducing so-called event models as syntactic objects into the language. On the other hand, PDL has instead transition relations between possible worlds. This last approach allows to easily intro...

The expression of 4 myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoforms was analyzed in the rat soleus (SOL) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles after denervation and chronic electric stimulation. The stimulation frequencies used were 20 and 150 Hz and the amount of stimulation was either large (20 Hz), intermediate (150 Hz), or small (150 Hz). These patterns resemble some features of normal motor unit a...

The effects of sciatic nerve crush (SNC) and treatment with Riluzole on muscle activity during unrestrained locomotion were identified in an animal model by analysis of the EMG activity recorded from soleus (Sol) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) muscles of both hindlimbs; in intact rats (IN) and in groups of rats treated for 14 days with saline (S) or Riluzole (R) after right limb nerve crus...

Isometric electrical stimulation was delivered to rabbit dorsiflexor muscles at 10 Hz for 1 s on and 1 s off over 30 min, 5 days/wk for 3 wk to induce an increase in muscle oxidative capacity. Stimulation-trained muscles as well as untrained muscles were then subjected to a 30-min eccentric exercise bout to test whether increased oxidative capacity provided a protective effect against muscle in...

The primary aim of this study was to examine the effects of 48-h food deprivation on rat skeletal muscle fiber type, according to myosin heavy-chain (MyHC) isoform composition and some metabolism-related factors in both slow-type dominant and fast-type dominant muscle tissues. Male Wistar rats (7 wk old) were treated with 48-h food deprivation or ad libitum feeding as control. After the treatme...

In the present study, a modified Reynolds equation including the electrical double layer (EDL)-induced electroviscous effect of lubricant is established to investigate the effect of the EDL on the hydrodynamic lubrication of a 1D slider bearing. The theoretical model is based on the nonlinear Poisson-Boltzmann equation without the use of the Debye-Hückel approximation. Furthermore, the variatio...

1. In this investigation, we tested the hypothesis that muscle spindle afferents signaling the length of hind-leg flexor muscles are involved in terminating extensor activity and initiating flexion during walking. The hip flexor muscle iliopsoas (IP) and the ankle flexors tibialis anterior (TA) and extensor digitorum longus (EDL) were stretched or vibrated at various phases of the step cycle in...

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