Sanctions are used ubiquitously to enforce obedience to social norms. Recent field studies and laboratory experiments have demonstrated, however, that cooperation is sometimes reduced when incentives meant to promote pro-social decisions are added to the environment. Although a variety of explanations have been suggested, the neural foundations of this effect have not been fully explored. Using...

Organizations have long relied upon the threat of sanctions to influence employees to follow information security policies. Unfortunately, the belief in the power of deterrence has provided mixed results in both research and in real life. This study explored the impact of sanction effects in an organization with a robust information security program. Findings indicate an employee’s perceived sa...

In Germany, imposition of benefit cuts for non-compliant welfare recipients depends on the policy of the local welfare agencies resulting in considerable regional variation, expressed in milder and stricter sanction regimes. Findings from international studies show, that benefit sanctions can substantially increase individual employment uptake. This raises the question, whether a stricter use o...

This is the first empirical paper that aims for a comprehensive evaluation of sanction effects. Beyond effects on duration, we evaluate the individual’s post-unemployment position in the wage hierarchy, up to two years after exit, as well as the issue of employment stability. A rich set of register data allows constructing appropriate measures to tackle these questions and assessing their empir...

We provide lab data from four different games that allow us to study whether people have accurate expectations regarding monetary sanctions (punishment/reward) and non-monetary sanctions (disapproval/approval). Although the strength of the sanction is always predicted with some error (particularly in the case of monetary sanctions), we observe that (i) most subjects anticipate correctly the sig...

BACKGROUND The use of performance enhancing drugs is still a major problem in competitive sports. Even though tennis is not affected by systematic doping, there is lack of scientific evidence on the effect of sanctions on players` career. The aim of this study was to analyze male tennis players' career after a doping sanction. METHODS All doping offences committed by male professional tennis ...

The imposition of international economic sanctions is a strategic and often multilateral phenomenon of states attempting to coerce each other into altering their behavior by means of economic pain. The interlocking connections of states issuing sanctions and being sanctioned creates a network of interdependent relations and, we argue, the structure of dependencies endogenous to the network is a...

The European ::union:: (EU) along with the Security Council (SC) has imposed sanctions on Iran over the controversies around Iranian nuclear program. A review of the literature on the implementation of international sanctions against I.R. Iran shows that with passing time and disagreement between negotiating parties, the toughening and broadening of scope and focus of sanction has taken plac...