Although the particular characteristics of SMOPs clearly are relevant for environmental considerations such as soil erosion, the presence of slope and/or mountains also has a direct and indirect infuence on economic viability. Thus, the SMOPs concept can be seen as a surrogate for defining a more disadvantaged or “marginal” type of olive grove, in contrast to groves on flat land that generally ...

tv broadcasting right is one of the main sources of financial income for football clubs in the world. however, this right has not been legalized in iran yet and has caused many serious problems for iranian football clubs. the aim of this study was to investigate legal gaps and obstacles and to provide strategies to improve the relationships between football clubs and islamic republic of iran br...

1. Increasing Economic and Social Disparity 2. Globalization, Disparities, and Sustainability 3. Overview of Economic Policies for Narrowing Disparities 3.1. Taxation 3.2. Social Expenditure 3.3. Labor Market Policy 3.4. Monetary Policy and Macroeconomic Policy 3.5. Institutional Systems 4. Obstacles for Governments to Overcome 5. Global Efforts for Poverty Reduction: World Bank Strategic Shift...

This paper summarizes the findings for the East and South East Asia Region of the WPA Task Force on Steps, Obstacles and Mistakes to Avoid in the Im-plementation of Community Mental Health Care. The paper presents a description of the region, an overview of mental health policies, a critical ap-praisal of community mental health services developed, and a discussion of the key obstacles and chal...

In November 2009, China pledged a 40–45% decrease in CO2 emissions per GDP by 2020, as compared with the 2005 level. Although carbon intensity (emission) targets by nature are ambiguous, this study demonstrates that China’s pledge is consistent with the current Chinese domestic agenda that simultaneously pursues economic growth and energy security. The target numbers in the pledge seem reasonab...

This article presents an analytic review of the major milestones in social and employment policies for people with disabilities in Spain in recent decades. It covers labour reforms, action plans for employment, the role of public bodies and disability organisations, and economic and employment protection. In addition, it examines the influence of European policies and guidelines on disability a...

Theory makes ambiguous predictions about the effects of bank market structure on access to external finance. Using a unique database for 74 countries and for firms of small, medium and large size we assess the effect of banking market structure on the access of firms to bank finance. We find that bank concentration increases financing obstacles, but only in countries with low levels of economic...