The Two-Echelon Routing Problem constitutes a class of combinatorial optimization problems with applications in many different fields such as city logistic planning, intermodal transportation, postal and parcel delivery distribution systems and so on. This thesis contains: a survey of the main contributions related to the two-echelon routing, focusing on the Two-Echelon Location Routing Problem...

this paper aims to evaluate inventory cost of a two-echelon serial supply chain system under vendor managed inventory program with stochastic demand, and examine the effect of environmental factors on the cost of overall system. for this purpose, we consider a two-echelon serial supply chain with a manufacturer and a retailer. under vendor managed inventory program, the decision on inventory le...

We consider a single-item, periodic-review, serial, multi-echelon inventory system, with linear inventory holding and penalty costs. In order to facilitate shipment consolidation and capacity planning, we assume the system has implemented periodic batching: each stage is allowed to order at given equidistant times. Further, for each stage except the most downstream one, the reorder interval is ...

An arborescent distribution system is a multi-level system in which each installation receives input from a unique immediate predecessor and supplies one or more immediate successors. In this paper, it is shown that a distribution system with an arborescent structure can also be modelled using an echelon stock concept where at any instant the total echelon holding cost is accumulated at the sam...

We consider N-stage serial production/distribution systems with stationary demand at the most downstream stage. First, we study classical Clark-Scarf model with both average cost and discounted cost criteria. The optimal echelon base-stock levels are obtained in terms of only probabilistic distributions of leadtime demand. This analysis yields a novel approach for developing bounds and simple h...

Freight transportation constitutes one of the main activities that influences economy and society, as it assures a vital link between suppliers and customers and is represents a major source of employment. Multi-echelon distribution is one of the most common strategies adopted by the transportation companies in an aim of cots reduction. Although vehicle routing problems are very common in opera...

In this paper,we investigate the pricing and return policy issueof one-echelon green supply chain, contain a manufacture who produces two type of products: green and non-green products. These products have a same functional but in selling price and environmentally issues have different effects. Also we consider return policy for both products that can stimulate the customer valuation. We develo...

This paper presents a study of a coordinated production inventory-system. In the proposed model, any echelon considers its successors as part of its inventory system and generates the replenishment order on the basis of operational information of its partners. We show that the coordinated decision making allows elimination of information distortion along the chain. Furthermore, we show how the ...

Cointegrated VARMA models can be parameterized by using the echelon form, which is characterized by the Kronecker indices. Three diierent methods for estimating the Kronecker indices of cointegrated echelon form VARMA models are discussed and compared. They have the common feature of estimating the individual equations of the system separately and using order selection criteria. The small sampl...