We consider multi-echelon supply chains, typically consisting of retailer, distributor, manufacturer, etc. The inventory of each actor is subject to its own delay in delivery time, and each chooses its own inventory replenishment strategy. We model this interaction with a system of linear differential delay equations. When put in matrix form the system is triangular and we derive an exact solut...

I this paper, we investigate the equilibrium behavior of decentralized supply chains with competing retailers under demand uncertainty. We also design contractual arrangements between the parties that allow the decentralized chain to perform as well as a centralized one. We address these questions in the context of two-echelon supply chains with a single supplier servicing a network of (competi...

This paper presents a study of a coordinated production inventory-system. In the proposed model, any echelon considers its successors as part of its inventory system and generates the replenishment order on the basis of operational information of its partners. We show that the coordinated decision making allows elimination of information distortion along the chain. Furthermore, we show how the ...

Multi-echelon inventory systems are one of the most important and attractive areas in modelling supply chain management so that several researches and studies have been done about. In this paper, the total cost function of a two-echelon inventory system with central warehouse and many identical retailers controlled by continuous review inventory policy is estimated. We have assumed the demand i...

the primary purpose of this paper is to highlight for the research community and practitioners the various aspects of using vmi-type supply chains in today’s business environment as well as a number of directions for future studies. in this regard, fifty articles published in major international journals, beginning in 1995, which contribute to the vmi-type supply chains are reviewed via a syste...

The theory on multi-echelon production/inventory systems is a core theory within supply chain management. It provides useful insights for design of supply chains and may be used for tactical and operational planning decisions. The multi-echelon theory started with the seminal paper of Clark and Scarf in 1960. In this tutorial, we describe for which systems optimal policies are known, which key ...

These day, supply chains (SCs) have become more and more complicated and have extensively expanded and due to these complexities, the supply chain management (SCM) has encountered several uncertainties, and, as a result, trust and assurance between members in SCs has become essential for a successful SCM. Although trust is an inevitable component in nearly all fields in SCs, like cooperation, c...