background: gastrointestinal and liver diseases (gilds) are major causes of death and disability in middle east and north africa (mena). however, they have different patterns in countries with various geographical, cultural, and socio-economic status. we aimed to compare the burden of gilds in iran with its neighboring countries using the results of the global burden of disease (gbd) study in 2...

The present article is a review of a palaeobiogeographic analysis of Jurassic Ostracods from East Africa, India and Madagascar and includes also some general remarks on palaeobiogeography, biodiversity and Ostracod ecology.The palaeobiogeographic study shows the high significance of this microfossil group for the reconstruction of palaeogeographic processes, particularly plate tectonic developm...

The study of plant exploitation and early use of cereals in Africa has seen over the years a great input from charred and desiccated macrobotanical remains. This paper presents the results of one of the few examples in Africa of microbotanical analyses. Three grave contexts of phytolith-rich deposits and the dental calculus of 20 individuals were analysed from two Neolithic cemeteries in North ...

The El Niño Southern Oscillation (ENSO) and other climate patterns can have profound impacts on the occurrence of infectious diseases ranging from dengue to cholera. In Africa, El Niño conditions are associated with increased rainfall in East Africa and decreased rainfall in southern Africa, West Africa, and parts of the Sahel. Because of the key role of water supplies in cholera transmission, ...

We sequenced West Nile viruses (WNVs) from Turkey and found close relationships to WNV lineage 1 strain ArB310/67 from the Central African Republic, distinct from other WNVs circulating in the Mediterranean Basin, eastern Europe, and the Middle East. These findings suggest independent introductions of WNV strains from Africa to the Middle East.

the genus jaculusis distributed in palearctic desert and semi-desert areas, extending from central asia to the western sahara in the north africa. in iran three species of three-toed jerboa have been reported: jaculus jaculus from the south west and west of iran, jaculus blanfordi from the northeast, east and central part of iran and jaculus thaleri from the east of iran. in present study, the ...

Africa presents the most complex genetic picture of any continent, with a time depth for mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) lineages >100,000 years. The most recent widespread demographic shift within the continent was most probably the Bantu dispersals, which archaeological and linguistic evidence suggest originated in West Africa 3,000-4,000 years ago, spreading both east and south. Here, we have carr...