the diwan school is one of the literary schools that emerged in contemporary arabic literature and had a tremendous role in directing arabic literature toward innovation, keeping it in touch with modern literary evolution worldwide in the twentieth century. however, the innovation that this school spread is by large of non-arabic roots and is chiefly based on such foreign literatures as english...

Balochi is known in the literature of area studies and linguistics as a series of dialects, for the most part mutually intelligible, differing mainly in vocabulary and the degree of influence from neighboring languages, mainly Persian (cf. Elfenbein 1989a, 1989b). It is spoken by three to five million people in Pakistan, Iran, Afghanistan, Oman and the Persian Gulf states, Turkmenistan, East Af...

Parvin Iʿtisami (1907–1941), the first important twentieth-century woman poet of Iran, was well versed in classical Persian poetry. Her knowledge English language and education at American school for girls as her father’s translations from foreign literature contributed to appreciation modern ideas, including women’s rights. Unlike some contemporaries early twentieth century who tried revolutio...

Abstract How was Persian literature disciplinized in the twentieth century? This article addresses this question by focusing on twentieth-century Afghanistan and outlining sociohistorical processes that helped to transform scholarly literary production into a social enterprise. A major outcome of these underexamined making Dāʾerat ol-maʿāref-e Āryānā (1949–79) Kabul, first modern encyclopedia p...