Pakistan is a part of South Asia that modern humans encountered soon after they left Africa ~50 - 70,000 years ago. Approximately 9,000 years ago they began establishing cities that eventually expanded to represent the Harappan culture, rivalling the early city states of Mesopotamia. The modern state constitutes the north western land mass of the Indian sub-continent and is now the abode of alm...

The elemental defense hypothesis proposes that some plants hyperaccumulate toxic elements as a defense mechanism. In this study the effectiveness of selenium (Se) as an arthropod deterrent was investigated under field conditions. Arthropod loads were measured over two growing seasons in Se hyperaccumulator habitats in Colorado, USA, comparing Se hyperaccumulator species (Astragalus bisulcatus a...

Mosyakin, S.L. & J.R. Brock (2021). On the proper type designation for Camelina microcarpa, a wild relative and possible progenitor of crop species C. sativa (Brassicaceae). In English, English abstract. Candollea 76: 55–63.The name microcarpa Andrz. ex DC. (Brassicaceae) is discussed. This taxon currently considered to be oilseed (L.) Crantz, thus typification important further germplasm resea...

The aqueous stem bark of Lannea microcarpa is used traditionally for the treatment of swellings, wounds, rheumatism, pains, and infections. Aim: To evaluate the safety of the aqueous extract of the stem bark of Lannea microcarpa. Materials and Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats (200-250 g, n=5) received oral administration of 300, 1000 and 3000 mg kg -1 of aqueous extract of Lannea microcarpa an...

Four new ursane-type triterpenes, 3beta-acetoxy-11alpha-methoxy-12-ursene (1), 3beta-acetoxy-11alpha-ethoxy-12-ursene (2), 3beta-acetoxy-11alpha-hydroperoxy-12-ursene (3), 3beta-hydroxy-11alpha-hydroperoxy-12-ursene (4), and two new oleanane-type triterpenes, 3beta-acetoxy-11alpha-ethoxy-12-oleanene (5), 3beta-acetoxy-111alpha-hydroperoxy-12-oleanene (6), together with 3beta-acetoxy-11alpha-hyd...