PURPOSE Thoracic dumbbell tumors are relatively rare, usually arising from neurogenic elements. Methods for surgical removal thereof remain controversial. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the surgical results of a single-stage posterior approach with laminectomy and costotransversectomy only for the management of thoracic dumbbell tumors. MATERIALS AND METHODS Eight cases of thoracic...

A linear, covalently-closed, dumbbell-shaped DNA vector including a transcription unit is known to have both biological stability and safety and is expected to be useful for gene therapy. We established an easy, quick, and large preparative synthetic method of modified- and unmodified-dumbbell DNA using an intramolecular cyclization at the DNA termini.

Smooth social interactions require a deep understanding of others' intentions and feelings. In the present study, to investigate brain regions that respond to inference of others' effort level, we recorded brain activity during action observation of different effort levels using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). We used a dumbbell curl movement to depict a movement requiring effort....

A dumbbell-shaped rigid body can be used to represent certain large spacecraft or asteroids with bimodal mass distributions. Such a dumbbell body is modeled here as two identical mass particles connected by a rigid, massless link. Equations of motion for the five degrees of freedom of the dumbbell body in a central gravitational field are obtained. The equations of motion characterize three orb...

Dumbbell trees were introduced in [1]. A detailed description of non-binary dumbbell trees appears in Chapter 11 of [3]. These notes show how binary dumbbell trees can be obtained, and how they can be used to construct, in O(n log n) time, a spanner of bounded degree and weight proportional to O(log n) times the weight of a minimum spanning tree. The reader is assumed to be familiar with the sp...

A modified dumbbell obtained by replacing one of the phenyl groups of the dibenzylammonium with a strong electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl group templated the synthesis of the smallest [2]rotaxane reported so far. The trifluoromethyl group not only enhances the templating effect of the dumbbell but also acts as the stopper to prevent dethreading of a [20]crown ether macrocycle.

Innovation is the engine for sustainable development of cities and regions, an innovation perspective used to study collaborative relationship between regional evolution mechanism network formation. Based on social analysis method spatial method, we explore characteristics research cooperation its pattern, as well analyze formation using exponential random graph model. The finds that scale expa...

Two 3d-4f heterometallic compounds of p-tert-butylsulfinylcalix[4]arene were synthesized by the solvothermal method and characterized by some hinged double-dumbbell-like subunits in which two perpendicular dumbbell entities were constructed by an in-between isosceles triangle Mn(II)Ln(III)(2), and two tail-to-tail calixarene molecules, and hinged by the lanthanide-sulfinyl group bonding. The ma...

In the limit of small activator diffusivity ε, and in a bounded domain in R with N = 1 or N = 2 under homogeneous Neumann boundary conditions, the bifurcation behavior of an equilibrium onespike solution to the Gierer-Meinhardt activator-inhibitor system is analyzed for different ranges of the inhibitor diffusivity D. When D = ∞, and under certain conditions on the exponents in the nonlinear te...

Muscular strength is an important component of physical fitness and can be improved by using free weights (i.e. barbells, dumbbells), weight machines, elastic bands, or body weight exercises (Stone et al., 2000). A new product in the exercise marketplace which is advertised to increase strength is the Shake Weight ®. The Shake Weight ® is a dumbbell shaped fitness device, sold by Fitness IQ (Vi...