Overview Therapy may be indicated in ADHD to address organizational skills deficits or oppositional behavior. Nonetheless, medication is a first line treatment for ADHD. It is appropriate to start with either of the two stimulant classes (methylphenidate or amphetamine) or with atomoxetine. Stimulants have been shown to be effective more often than atomoxetine. The decision regarding which medi...

A childhood history of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is common in psychotic disorders, yet prescription stimulants may interact adversely with the physiology of these disorders. Specifically, exposure to stimulants leads to long-term increases in dopamine release. We therefore hypothesized that individuals with psychotic disorders previously exposed to prescription stimulants ...

In the Galápagos Islands climate and food abundance vary strongly among vegetation zones and between seasons. We studied the foraging behavior of four mainly insectivorous Darwin’s finch species on Santa Cruz Island. We compared foraging behavior between (1) the arid zone, where food is scarce, with the humid Scalesia zone, where food is abundant; and (2) within each zone between dry and wet se...

Seasonal fluctuations in mean dry weight of the copepod Calanus helgolandicus were large and contrasted markedly with the small seasonal fluctuations of cephalothorax length. Dry weight was related linearly to cephalothorax length on logarithmic axes by a series of regression equations which were significantly different for each of 8 cruises. Carbon and nitrogen were likewise linearly related t...

Dunking, the softening of dry food in water to speed up consumption time, is normally a very rare behaviour in wild Carib grackles (Quiscalus lugubris) of Barbados. Its frequency can be experimentally increased when large numbers of dry items are repeatedly placed near a standing source of water in conditions that minimize intraspecific competition and risk of theft. To reconcile the normally l...

Stimulants play a central role in modern human society. Consumption of stimulants transcends culture, demography, and income group. As cash crops, (such as cocoa, coffee, tea tobacco) also act source economic security for producers low-income countries. However, satisfying the demand entails potentially large environmental cost. This burden demands careful attention given negative impact stimul...