In a model with endogenous number of innovating firms, we show that whether patent protection increases R&D investment is ambiguous, and depends on the market demand function and the cost of R&D. If the market size increases with number of firms, patent protection reduces R&D investment if the cost of R&D is sufficiently high, and higher product differentiation increases the possibility of lowe...

This paper presents the case for and the evidence in favour of passive investment strategies and examines the major criticisms of the technique. I conclude that the evidence strongly supports passive investment management in all markets—smallcapitalisation stocks as well as large-capitalisation equities, US markets as well as international markets, and bonds as well as stocks. Recent attacks on...

This paper examines the nature of market orientation (MO) in entrepreneurial firms and proposes a conceptual model of market firm interface appropriate to entrepreneur led firms.

Based on a feasibility analysis on the product and source market orientation of the Ailing River Drifting Scenic Spot, this article explores its product quality as well as market strategies in four aspects including product, price, promotion and place.

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The liver is the largest internal organ in the human body that is responsible for more than 500 vital functions, including biosynthesis of major plasma proteins, immunity against infectious pathogens, balancing energy metabolism and xenobiotics biotransformation (1). One of the main functions of the liver is an important role in drug metabolism (2). Since developing new drug compounds into mark...

Understanding and measuring determinants of bid-ask spreads is decisive to clarifying the efficiency of the microstructure of any exchange and general market liquidity. This paper examines the market microstructure of a low liquidity, market maker driven option market, the relations to the underlying securities’ market and the challenges of pricing liquidity. Comparing empirical results with pr...

In recent years, there have been observed increased costs of health care in Poland. The patient's out of pocket expenses on drug have grown too. To the above, the insurance companies have offered patients drug coverage insurance policies since recently. Drug insurance policy covers the cost of purchasing pharmaceutical products not reimbursed by the National Health Fund is a modern product on t...

An estimated 70 percent of illicit drug users are in the workforce. This paper studies workplace policies relating to drug abuse treatment and testing in a labor market with asymmetric information about worker proclivities to abuse drugs and to incur costs of workplace accidents. Drug abuse has a moral hazard component related to worker choice of treatment or other deterrent activities, and a s...