introduction: today sport is one of the important social criterion and athletes are trying to be a champion. therefore, there is an increase in misuse of doping agents especially anabolic-androgenic steroid. this study was carried out to determine the prevalence of the doping agents' abuse among male bodybuilders' and to access their knowledge about their side effects in kermanshah gymnasiums i...

Drug use and abuse by athletes has become a common problem. Pharmacists can assist by managing the legitimate medication needs of athletes to prevent them from accidentally using a banned substance. Pharmacists can also educate athletes and the public about the health consequences of using performance-enhancing substances. Pharmacists can play a variety of roles to assist with anti-doping. Such...

BACKGROUND Current anti-doping in competitive sports is advocated for reasons of fair-play and concern for the athlete's health. With the inception of the World Anti Doping Agency (WADA), anti-doping effort has been considerably intensified. Resources invested in anti-doping are rising steeply and increasingly involve public funding. Most of the effort concerns elite athletes with much less imp...

In the following paper an attempt is made to provide practical solutions regarding doping control and athletes’ rights in Canada, focusing on the current situation in which there are bans and testing, even though some question the justification of those bans. An explanation of the moral implications of doping control protocols, indicating the tension between these protocols and athletes rights,...

BACKGROUND Social psychology research on doping and outcome based evaluation of primary anti-doping prevention and intervention programmes have been dominated by self-reports. Having confidence in the validity and reliability of such data is vital. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The sample of 82 athletes from 30 sports (52.4% female, mean age: 21.48±2.86 years) was split into quasi-experiment...

INTRODUCTION Tennis is a professional sport under a strict anti-doping control. However, since the first violation of the code, the positive cases have not been statistically studied. The objective of this study was to analyze doping offences in the international professional tennis circuit. METHODS All offences to the Doping Code committed by tennis players during 2003-2009 were collected fr...

A software system GASEPO1 has been developed as a tool for analysis and visualization of gel images used for detection of the doping substance recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO). This paper presents a method for the segmentation of bands, the objects whose properties are relevant for quantitative decision on doping positivity. A sequence of specifically tailored filtering and thresholding operat...