Neurons that produce dopamine as a neurotransmitter constitute a heterogeneous group involved in the control of various behaviors and physiology. In mammals, dopaminergic neurons are found in distinct clusters mainly located in the ventral midbrain and the caudal forebrain [1]. Although much is known about midbrain dopaminergic neurons, development of diencephalic dopaminergic neurons is poorly...

The thalamus relays information to the cerebral cortex from subcortical centers or other cortices; in addition, it projects to the striatum and amygdala. The thalamic relay function is subject to modulation, so the flow of information to the target regions may change depending on behavioral demands. Modulation of thalamic relay by dopamine is not currently acknowledged, perhaps because dopamine...

the effect of hypericin on the expression of morphine-induced conditioned place preference (cpp) was investigated and compared with the effect of the synthetic antidepressants. the cpp paradigms took place over six days using an unbiased procedure. the results demonstrate that intra-peritoneal (ip) injection of morphine sulfate (2.5, 5 and 10 mg/kg) significantly induce the cpp in rat. intra-pe...

Useful information in the visual environment is often contained in specific conjunctions of visual features (e.g., color and shape). The ability to quickly and accurately process such conjunctions can be learned. However, the neural mechanisms responsible for such learning remain largely unknown. It has been suggested that some forms of visual learning might involve the dopaminergic neuromodula...

Introduction: The induction of human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cells (HUC-MSCs) toward dopaminergic neurons is a major challenge in tissue engineering and experimental and clinical treatments of various neurodegenerative diseases, including Parkinson disease. This study aims to differentiate HUC-MSCs into dopaminergic neuron-like cells. Methods: Following the isolation and charac...

in this investigation wer studied the effect of dopaminergic system on the conflict behavior in rat, using vogel’s test. the related drugs were injected intraperitonealy (ip), and produced the following results:diazepam at doses of 0.5 and 1 mg/kg increased the lick –shock responses in the vogel’s thest. quinpirole (d2-agnosit), at doses of 0.1 and 10 mg/kg, increased the confict responses, whe...

Morphine was used as a remedy for the control of diarrhea centuries before it's sedative-analgesic effect was discovered. Although several mechanisms have been proposed for the morphine-induced inhibition of gastrointestinal transit (OIT), the exact mechanism has not yet been identified. On this basis the possible involvement of the dopaminergic system in morphine-induced inhibition of tra...