BACKGROUND Exposure to secondhand smoke is an important preventable cause of illness and death. A Smoke-Free Paso del Norte Coalition in El Paso, Texas, led a drive to introduce an ordinance to protect nonsmoking persons from the health effects of secondhand smoke in public places. The ordinance was introduced in April 2001 and was passed on June 26, 2001. CONTEXT El Paso is the fifth largest...

in this research, the coupling between non-gray radiation and separation convection flow in a duct is investigated numerically. distributions of absorption coefficients across the spectrum  are obtained from the hitran2008 database. the full-spectrum k-distribution method is used to deal with the non-gray part of the problem, while the gray radiation calculations are performed using the planck ...

background: radiation-induced lung injury is a refractory side effect in lung cancer radiotherapy, the mechanism still remains unclear, hence an appropriate animal mode may become useful to investigate it. materials and methods: 50 female wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups, average 10 rats/cage: a. control group b. 3gy×10f c. 6gy×5f d. 12.5gy×1f e.15.3gy×1f. by different doses of r...

The Cambrian radiation represents an interval when nearly 20 animal phyla appear in the fossil record in a short geological time span; however, whether this radiation also represents a period of extremely rapid speciation remains unclear. Here, a stochastic framework is used to test the null hypothesis that diversity changes in one of the dominant Early Cambrian groups, the olenelloid trilobite...

UNLABELLED In the last decades, medical care has been increasingly permeated by the concept of evidence-based-medicine, in which clinical research plays a crucial role in establishing diagnostic and treatment. Following the improvements in clinical research, we have a growing concern and understanding that some ethical issues must be respected when the subjects are human beings. Research with h...

with the increase of communication and financial transaction through internet, on-line signature verification is an accepted biometric technology for access control and plays a significant role in authenticity and authorization in modernized society. therefore, fast and precise algorithms for the signature verification are very attractive. the goal of this paper is modeling of velocity signal t...

States Supreme Court held that an ordinance mandating a ceiling on rents mobile home park owners can charge does not constitute a Fifth Amendment taking by the government and, therefore, does not entitle the park owners to compensation. Background In 1978, the State of Califoniia enacted the Mobilehome Residency Law, which limits a mobile home park owner's ability to terminate the tenancy of a ...

INTRODUCTION The secondary, sometimes unintended effects of smoke-free ordinances have not been thoroughly evaluated. In this observational study, we evaluated the association of a local ordinance implemented in Madison, Wisconsin, with changes in public disturbances; smoking, drinking, and bar-going behaviors in the general population; and smoking and drinking behaviors among university studen...

OBJECTIVE To understand legislation combating counterfeit drugs in Hong Kong. DESIGN This study consisted of two parts. In part I, counterfeit drugs–related ordinances and court cases were reviewed. In part II, indepth interviews of the stakeholders were described. SETTING Hong Kong. PARTICIPANTS All Hong Kong ordinances were screened manually to identify those combating counterfeit drugs...