In this paper, we propose a classification of grammar development strategies according to two criteria : hand-written versus automatically acquired grammars, and grammars based on a low versus high level of syntactic abstraction. Our classification yields four types of grammars. For each type, we discuss implementation and evaluation issues.

The relationship between bilingualism and metalinguistic awareness was explored in Puerto Rican Spanishand English-speaking children. All subjects were from low-income backgrounds and were enrolled in a transitional bilingual education program in the United States. Two longitudinal studies were conducted. The first study examined the abilities to note and correct ungrammatical sentences in Span...

This study examined metalinguistic awareness in children who were becoming bilingual in an immersion education program. The purpose was to determine at what point in emerging bilingualism the previously reported metalinguistic advantages appear and what types of metalinguistic tasks reveal these developmental differences. Participants were 124 children in second and fifth grades who were enroll...

This paper offers an analysis of metalinguistic comparatives such as more dumb than crazy in which they differ from ordinary comparatives in the scale on which they compare: ordinary comparatives use scales lexically determined by particular adjectives, but metalinguistic ones use a generallyavailable scale of imprecision or ‘pragmatic slack’. To implement this idea, I propose a novel compositi...

In this paper, we identify a paradigm of metalinguistic comparatives in Greek headed by the preposition para. Para clauses are lexically distinct from other comparatives clauses in Greek (headed by apo, apoti). Building on earlier intuitions, we propose a semantics of metalinguistic MORE as a contrast between two propositions in terms of how appropriate of preferred they are by some individual....

The rise in popularity of the communicative approach in language teaching since the late 1970s primarily focusing on language for meaningful interaction and for accomplishing tasks rather than on learning rules has intensified debate among teachers and researchers on corrective feedback or error correction in second language learning. The concept of corrective feedback has been under analysis f...

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effects of direct and indirect correctivefeedback on Iranian intermediate EFL learners’ speaking accuracy. This present research aimedto investigate the differential impact of recast and metalinguistic feedback on speakingperformance of EFL learners. To do so, After administering a Nelson test to have ahomogeneous sample a total number of ...

the present study investigated efl teachers’ beliefs about oral corrective feedback (cf), their cf-provision practices across elementary and intermediate levels, and their beliefs-practices correspondence. to this end, the researchers conducted a semi-structured interview with the teachers and went on an overall forty-hour observation of their classrooms across both levels. the findings reveale...

There has been extensive discussion on the need to use corrective feedback in writing within foreign language learning. Essentially, is one of important tools improving students’ skills learning a language. This study aims find out preference and justification written (WCF) through Google Docs among instructors students higher institute. The effects direct indirect with metalinguistic comments ...

Background. Writing is a complex skill, even more so, if the student does not handle generic structure of institutionalized practices imposed on Higher Education.
 Purpose. The purpose this study to determine effectiveness direct and metalinguistic focused written corrective feedback (WCF) information structuring connectors.
 Methods. This quantitative compares WCF in 39 subjects who ...