abstract   background: over the past 20 years, the minimally invasive endoscopic approach has gained widespread acceptance. the study was performed to evaluate the diagnostic method and the success rate of endoscopically diagnosed and treated csf rhinorrhea, and also investigations such as leakage site and etiologic factor.   methods: this retrospective csf leakage management review of patients...

Deciphering Diagnostic Tests covers over 400 laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, organized by test type and body system. Coverage includes test purpose, normal results, abnormal results, patient preparation, and procedure and post-test care. Icons include Action Stat! for urgent interventions, Alert for important clinical facts, Do's & Don'ts for technique and intervention advice, and D...

Deciphering Diagnostic Tests covers over 400 laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, organized by test type and body system. Coverage includes test purpose, normal results, abnormal results, patient preparation, and procedure and post-test care. Icons include Action Stat! for urgent interventions, Alert for important clinical facts, Do's & Don'ts for technique and intervention advice, and D...

Deciphering Diagnostic Tests covers over 400 laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, organized by test type and body system. Coverage includes test purpose, normal results, abnormal results, patient preparation, and procedure and post-test care. Icons include Action Stat! for urgent interventions, Alert for important clinical facts, Do's & Don'ts for technique and intervention advice, and D...

Deciphering Diagnostic Tests covers over 400 laboratory tests and diagnostic procedures, organized by test type and body system. Coverage includes test purpose, normal results, abnormal results, patient preparation, and procedure and post-test care. Icons include Action Stat! for urgent interventions, Alert for important clinical facts, Do's & Don'ts for technique and intervention advice, and D...

Global efforts to control malaria are more complex than those for other infectious diseases, in part because of vector transmission, the complex clinical presentation of Plasmodium infections, >1 Plasmodium species causing infection, geographic distribution of vectors and infection, and drug resistance. The World Health Organization approach to global malaria control focuses on 2 components: ve...

Background The identification of the causative agent of chancroid, Haemophilus ducreyi, was first reported in 1889 by August Ducrey, as a short streptobacillary rod with rounded ends, following experiments in which he autoinoculated patients’ forearms with pus from their genital ulcers. Bezancon et al subsequently inoculated the forearms of human volunteers with culture purified organisms and p...