There is no single diagnostic test for sarcoidosis. The presence of noncaseating granulomas in a single organ, such as skin, does not establish a diagnosis of sarcoidosis. The finding of a granuloma is not specific for this disease, since many other conditions can cause granulomas. The diagnosis of sarcoidosis is based on the following criteria: 1) a compatible clinical and/or radiological pict...

PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review evaluates recent research findings and proposes an up-to-date diagnostic approach for patients with suspected chylothorax. RECENT FINDINGS Typically, chylothorax is a milky exudate with high triglyceride content (>110 mg/dl). However, milky appearance is not always the case and triglyceride levels can be less than 110 mg/dl, especially in fasting or malnourished ...

● Context.—The diagnosis and classification of leukemia is becoming increasingly complex. Current classification schemes incorporate morphologic features, immunophenotype, molecular genetics, and clinical data to specifically categorize leukemias into various subtypes. Although sophisticated methodologies are frequently used to detect characteristic features conferring diagnostic, prognostic, o...

It is usually not difficult to differentiate between them. Malignancy is often evident clinically by the time it causes hypercalcemia, and patients with hypercalcemia of malignancy usually have higher calcium concentrations and are more symptomatic from hypercalcemia than individuals with primary hyperparathyroidism. Although hypercalcemia in otherwise healthy outpatients is usually due to prim...