The Covid-19 pandemic has jolted the world, including Indonesia. transmission is extremely quick, huge, and difficult to identify. Millions of people have been infected, some died as a result. Vaccines medicines that are effective yet be discovered. This extraordinary situation deserves exceptional handling from all sides. research attempts explain Muhammadiyah's humanitarian jihad by mobilizin...

Abstract Defence cases with an escalatory structure, in which the levels of violence between aggressor and defender start out as minor then become major, even lethal, raise sharp problems for defence theory, our understanding conditions defence: proportionality, necessity, imminence. It is argued here that defenders are not morally required to withdraw from participation these cases, defensive ...

A defensive k-alliance in a graph G = (V, E) is a set of vertices A ⊆ V such that for every vertex v ∈ A, the number of neighbors v has in A is at least k more than the number of neighbors it has in V − A (k is a measure of the strength of alliance). In this paper, we deal with two types of sets associated with defensive k-alliances; maximum defensive k-alliance free and minimum defensive k-all...

If culture is seen as a framework of "should" and "should not", defensive culture isbased on issues, which are availablein the society. Issues that differ from one society to another and are influenced by the strategic culture of the countries. So, the present study aimed to answer the question that what are the most important components of a defensive culture in the framework of the strategic ...