John Austin famously claimed that the idea of sanctions is “the key to the science of jurisprudence.” Thus, he held legal rules to be threats backed by sanctions and statements of legal obligations as predictions that the threatened sanctions will be carried out. And before The Concept of Law was published in 1961, the concept of sanctions was central to every other positivistic theory of law a...

Normative organisations provide a means to coordinate the activities of individual agents in multiagent settings. The coordination is realized at run time by creating obligations and prohibitions (norms) for individual agents. If an agent cannot meet an obligation or violates a prohibition, the organisation imposes a sanction on the agent. In this paper, we consider norm-aware agents that delib...

economic sanctions appear to be a common feature of political interactions between states. economic sanctions have become increasingly important as alternative to military conflict since the last decade of twentieth century. this paper provides, through a gravity model, an estimation of the impact of economic sanctions on bilateral trade flows between iran and its major trading partners during ...

this paper surveys the persian monetary crises due to economic sanctions and speculative attacks that leads to high inflation. economic sanctions are associated with various forms of trade barriers and restriction on financial transactions. among the most influential sanctions on iran's oil export and central bank sanctions are noted that their aims to reduce iran's oil revenues and devaluation...

abstract since the islamic revolution of 1987, iran has been affected by economic sanctions imposed by western countries, especially the u.s. since 2006 and with the development of the iranian nuclear conflict, the united nations has frequently imposed economic and financial sanctions against iran. as a result of these international restrictions and their administration by an international orga...

Abstract Since the Islamic Revolution of 1987, Iran has been affected by economic sanctions imposed by Western countries, especially the U.S. Since 2006 and with the development of the Iranian nuclear conflict, the United Nations has frequently imposed economic and financial sanctions against Iran. As a result of these international restrictions and their administration by an international or...

Goffman argues that agents should depict in their mind the decision making of other agents and gives a game-theoretic interpretation of obligations, but decision and game theory are criticized for their ideality assumptions. For example, Simon argues for limited or bounded rationality, and more recently Gmytrasiewitcz and Durfee argue for recursive modelling. In this paper we use recursive mode...