Article history: Received 4 December 2015 Received in revised form 2 June 2016 Accepted 4 June 2016 Available online 6 June 2016 Reef-associated sediments accumulate over time recording the history of biological communities. The agreement between live and dead assemblages has been extensively studied, because discrepancies between the two can reveal taphonomic bias, anthropogenic impact, and/or...

knowledge of the stand condition and the gradual replacement of tree species in different development stages and phases provide appropriate information related to the close to nature treatments. stem exclusion phase is one of the important development phases in the forest stands development. the aim of study was to analyze the characteristics of dead trees in the stem exclusion phase in the les...

Given a cardinal κ that is λ-supercompact for some regular cardinal λ ≥ κ and assuming GCH, we show that one can force the continuum function to agree with any function F : [κ, λ] ∩ REG → CARD satisfying ∀α, β ∈ dom(F ) α < cf(F (α)) and α < β =⇒ F (α) ≤ F (β), while preserving the λ-supercompactness of κ from a hypothesis that is of the weakest possible consistency strength, namely, from the h...

Repeated activities used by animals during contests are assumed to act as signals advertising the quality of the sender. However, their exact functions are not well understood and observations fit only a limited set of the predictions made by models of signaling systems. Experimental studies of contest behavior tend to focus on analysis of the rate of signaling, but individual performances may ...

The tiny gastropod Coelodiscus minutus is superabundant in concretions of the Early Jurassic Posidonia Shale of South Germany which were formed under anoxic or extremely dysoxic conditions. Previous suggestions that C. minutus was a holoplanktonic organism are corroborated based on new evidence from exceptionally well-preserved specimens. The measurements of shell thickness show that the shell ...

Since 1991, excavations at Blombos Cave have yielded a well-preserved sample of faunal and cultural material in Middle Stone Age (MSA) levels. The uppermost MSA phase, M1, is dated to c. 75 ka by optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) and thermoluminescence, and the middle M2 phase to a provisional c. 78 ka. Artefacts unusual in a MSA context from these phases include bifacial points, bone too...

objective(s):  medicinal benefits of quantum dots have been proved in recent years but there is little known about their toxicity especially in vivo toxicity. in order to use quantum dots in medical applications, studies ontheir in vivo toxicity is important.  materials and methods:cdse:zns quantum dots were injected in 10, 20, and 40 mg/kg doses to male mice10 days later, mice were sacrificed ...

curls and curves of a shell interweave its various strain modes and link them together. this interactional behavior has yet frustrated all attempts for the construction of shell templates, which needs for an individual element test in traditional approaches. such a test fails to work for shell elements and must be reconstructed. in this paper, it is tried to study shell interactional behavior a...

Actualistic comparison of death assemblages with local living communities is a standard approach to estimating the quality of paleoecological data, but wide variation in methods of data collection and analysis undermines attempts to draw general conclusions. Here, I apply both standard and meta-analytic statistics to a stringently constructed database of 19 molluscan live–dead studies in order ...