in the timurid period, the emirs were mostly turkish-mongol and the viziers were iranian. the non-distinction between the civil and military affairs and the power and authority of the emirs and the attempts of the iranian bureaucrats in maintaining their own interests, had prepared the ground for the permanent conflict and competition between them. the long vizierate period of khawja qiyāth al-...

There can be several sophisticated attacks motivated by selfish, resource saving nature of nodes in a civilian co-operation based ad-hoc network. A distributed rating model based castigation can be useful to discourage selfish nodes from performing these attacks. Even if an attacker is detected, it is hard to charge an accused node in a dynamic environment of ad-hoc network. In this paper we de...

Translation of culture-bound terms is of special importance in translation theory and practice. The present study is an attempt to examine the procedures used in translating these terms in the English translations of the Holy Qur’an.  As  such,  English  equivalents  of  terms  related  to Practical laws of religion (Furū al-Dīn) in five English versions of the Qur'an are identified and the  tr...

quṭb al-dīn al-shīrāzī (634h/1236ce-710h/1311ce) wrote four major works on astronomy: nihāyat al‐idrāk fī dirāyat al‐aflāk (“the utmost attainment in comprehending the orbs), in arabic, first edition completed mid-shaʿbān 680/november 1281); the ikhtiyārāt‐i muẓaffarī (“selections for muẓaffar al-dīn arslan” [a minor ruler in qasṭamūnī (modern kastamonu, turkey)], in persian, completed sometime...

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the perceptions of accused bullies in terms of their experiences of fairness in the manner in which the complaint against them was managed, and examine the subsequent health and career ramifications of being accused of workplace bullying. Design/methodology/approach – This exploratory study was carried out through a mixed methodology: 30 manager...