Abstract The article analyses the ways Ḥamīd al-Dīn Balḫī (d. 559/1164) adopted and adapted technique of earlier Arabic authors, most notably al-Ḥarīrī 516/1122), in his Persian maqāmas . It also emends traditional dating maqāma collection.

On the evening of Saturday, 5 Shawwāl 919 (4 December 1513), Ghars al-Dīn Khalīl, a Cairene Hanafi deputy qadi, left home for a night vigil at the Qarāfah cemetery in Cairo. 1 His wife, expecting her husband to be absent for the entire night, sent for her lover, a certain Nūr al-Dīn al-Mashālī, himself a Shafiʿi deputy judge. Unfortunately for the two, a neighbor gave notice to the husband, who...

This paper examines Fakhr al-Dīn al-Rāzī’s understanding of metaphysical certainty in terms his theory ta’wīl (interpretation) while showing optimism attaining certainty. Rāzī, also known as the leader skeptics (shaykh al-mushakkikīn) Shiʻi sources, thoroughly criticizing philosophical and kalam traditions before him, remains a controversial figure among scholars. His critical thinking confound...