Endothelial cells play remarkable roles in regulating vascular function in health and disease. Meanwhile, shear stress, which is created due to the friction of the flowing blood on the endothelium of the arterial wall, is critical for vascular homeostasis. Here, the shear stress patterns and its effect on gene expression and vascular function are reviewed.

INTRODUCTION Synovial macrophages, which can release proinflammatory factors, are responsible for the upregulation of cartilage-breakdown proteases and play critical roles in cartilage degradation during the progression of osteoarthritis (OA). In addition, shear stress exerts multifunctional effects on chondrocytes by inducing the synthesis of catabolic or anabolic genes. However, the interplay...

The dynamic orientation behavior of the lamellar phase of a triblock copolymer is studied in a wide range of shear rates as a function of solvent composition. We find that various phases can be induced by increasing the shear rate. At low shear rates, the onion phase forms from planar lamellae with many defects. A further increase of the shear rate caused the onion structure to break down, and ...

The particle size dependence of the reversible shear thickening transition in dense colloidal suspensions is explored. Five suspensions of monodisperse silica are synthesized via the Stöber synthesis. The physicochemical properties of the dispersions are quantified using transmission electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, small angle light scattering, electrophoresis, and viscometry. Rh...

The existence and uniqueness of the so-called critical state in soil mechanics is validated in our DEM simulations of irregular polygonal particles. « For different particle shape characteristics„ The critical state is found to be independent of the initial stress and density.» We retain low stress levels, since we do not take into account the crushing of particles. « »In biaxial test simulatio...

– From both NMR and conventional rheometrical data we show that a foam cannot flow steadily below a critical, apparent shear rate and a critical shear stress. At low velocities the shear localizes in a layer of thickness decreasing with the apparent shear rate. When this thickness becomes smaller than a critical value hc (about 25 bubble diameters) the continuum assumption is no longer valid an...

Accurate imaging and measurement of hemodynamic forces is vital for investigating how physical forces acting on the embryonic heart are transduced and influence developmental pathways. Of particular importance is blood flow-induced shear stress, which influences gene expression by endothelial cells and potentially leads to congenital heart defects through abnormal heart looping, septation, and ...

In this article, the nonlocal biaxial buckling load and bending analysis of polymeric piezoelectric nanoplate reinforced by carbon nanotube (CNT) considering the surface stress effect is presented. This plate is subjected to electro-magneto-mechanical loadings. Eshelby-Mori-Tanaka approach is used for defining the piezoelectric nanoplate material properties. Navier’s type solution is employed t...

Atherosclerosis begins as local inflammation of arterial walls at sites of disturbed flow, such as vessel curvatures and bifurcations with low shear stress. c-Jun NH₂-terminal kinase (JNK) is a major regulator of flow-dependent gene expression in endothelial cells in atherosclerosis. However, little is known about the in vivo role of JNK in low shear stress in atherosclerosis. We aimed to obser...

We carried out pointwise local velocity measurements on 40 mM cetylpyridinium chloride-sodium salicylate (CPyCl-NaSal) wormlike micellar solution using high-frequency ultrasound velocimetry in a Couette shear cell. The studied wormlike solution exhibits Newtonian, shear-thinning and shear-thickening rheological behavior in a stress-controlled environment. Previous rheology, flow visualization a...