the quest for power has formed much of the world history especially in 20th and 21st centuries. oil (energy) particularly after industrial revolution has been a tool for conquest and power and has been transformed to a geopolitical issue. from a geopolitical point of view this has been the case for the last two centuries in central asia and caucasus. central asia and caucasus has always been...

In every period of history, construction owed much to the presence of people who have nurtured the intention of constructing the building and became the founder of its formation; those who have provided funding for construction and groups that have had various tasks in the implementation. Many architectural works are still standing, but there is seldom accurate information about the people who ...

Ignaz Goldziher, a famous western orientalist, believes that Muslims' approach to criticize narrations is mostly limited to the critique of the chain of transmission (isnad). In addition, he argues that judgment about the content of narrations depends on the validity of the chain of transmission. After Goldziher, some orientalists have mentioned similar results and confirmed his views. Criticiz...

Iqa’, one of the components of Islamic auditory arts, is a part of the writings of Muslim scholars. This study, with a cross-disciplinary approach, seeks to identify the thinking system of Iranian Muslim scholars from the seventh century AH to the contemporary period in looking at iqa’; it is based on a qualitative methodology with an interpretive paradigm and qualitative content analysis. The...

Khaniqah in the history of Iran, especially in pre-Safavid era, was among the most frequent building types. Nevertheless what we know about its architecture is almost nothing. Identifying the khaniqah architecture requires a vast multi-disciplinary research, which would cover all of the Islamic lands through all of the periods of their histories, based on the most related Arabic, Persian, and T...

there is no doubt that human being needs to become integrated with industry and industry needs to be progressed, daily. on the other hand, serious events in industrial units specially in oil industries has been shown that such damages and events are industry related ones. the consequence of such events and damages which resulted in chemical and poisoned explosions and loss of life and property ...