There are widespread nickel resources around the world, but divided principally between nickel sulfide or laterite (oxide) resources. Historically production has been dominated by sulfide ores but future production is increasing shifting to laterite ores. The principal reason for this historically is that sulfide ores are easier to process, through conventional mining, smelting and refining, co...

The separation of rare metals from the ores and commercially available compounds is an important issue due to the need of their high purity in advanced materials and devices. Important examples of two highly important elements that co-exist in the ores are scandium and thorium. Scandium containing ores and consequently also commercially available scandium compounds often contain traces of thori...

In 1990, the Sopcheozero Cr deposit was discovered in Monchegorsk Paleoproterozoic layered mafic-ultramafic intrusion (Monchepluton). This stratiform early-magmatic occurs middle part of Dunite Block, which is a member Monchepluton series. The Cr2O3 average-weighted content ordinary and rich ores 16.65 38.76 wt.%, respectively, at gradually changing concentrations within rich, poor ore types bo...

Conservation Biogeography and Macroecology Programme, School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK, CE3C – Centre for Ecology, Evolution and Environmental Changes / Azorean Biodiversity Group and Universidade dos Ac ores Departamento de Cîencias Agr arias, 9700-042, Angra do Hero ısmo, Ac ores, Portugal, Center for Macroecology, Evolution ...

Metals used in everyday life are produced from ores occurring in the Earth’s crust. Geological processes are known to concentrate minerals to form ores of economic value. Mineral processing engineers concentrate these ores by mechanical and physico-chemical methods while the extractive metallurgist extracts the metals by chemical means.

The Bou Azzer district in the central Anti-Atlas of Morocco is world’s unique mining where Co exploited from serpentinite-hosted hydrothermal Co-Ni-Fe arsenide ores. This paper provides first-ever mineralogical and geochemical characterization a suite Fe-rich orebodies found during recent Ait Ahmane area, district. These are lens-like massive disseminated ores fully hosted serpentinites (hereaf...

Biomining is the extraction of specific metals from their ores through biological means usually bacteria. Although it is a new technique used by the mining industry to extract minerals such as copper, uranium and gold from their ores but nowadays biomining occupies an increasingly important place among the available mining technologies. Today biomining is no longer a promising technology but an...

Plants and algae possess plastids and mitochondria harboring their own genomes, which are replicated by the apparatus consisting of DNA polymerase, DNA primase, DNA helicase, DNA topoisomerase, single-stranded DNA maintenance protein, DNA ligase, and primer removal enzyme. In the higher plant Arabidopsis thaliana, organellar replication-related enzymes (OREs) are similar in plastids and mitocho...

In order to determine the half-life of the 130Te double /?-decay, the amounts and isotopic composition of xenon extracted from tellurium ores, from the Oya gold mine in Japan, have been measured with a high-sensitivity mass spectrometer. Compared with atmospheric xenon an excess was definitely found at mass numbers 129, 130 and 131 in the extracted xenon. The excess of 130Xe is predominant, the...

The rapid growth in the demand of embedded systems and the increased complexity of embedded software pose an urgent need for advanced embedded software development techniques. Software technology is shifting toward semi-automated code generation and integration of systems from components. Component-based development (CBD) techniques can significantly reduce the time and cost for developing soft...