Many multi-product firms incur a complexity fixed cost when offering different product lines in different quality tiers relative to the case when offering all products lines in the same quality tier (high or low). Such fixed costs create an interdependency between firms’choices of quality tiers across different product lines, even when demands are independent. We investigate the effects of this...

This study aims to minimize the total cost of a four-echelon supply chain including suppliers, an assembler, distributers, and retailers. The total cost consists of purchasing raw materials from the suppliers by the assembler, assembling the final product, materials transportation from the suppliers to the assembler, product transportation from the assembler to the distributors, product transpo...

this paper deals with the single machine multi-product lot scheduling problem in which defective items are produced in any production run of each product. we have adopted the common cycle scheduling policy and assumed that the setup times for production of each product can be non-zero. further, we have assumed that defective items will be reworked and the inspection costs during the normal prod...

In this paper, to cope with the stochastic dynamic (or multi-period) problem, two new quadratic assignment-based mathematical models corresponding to the dynamic and static approaches are developed. The product demands are presumed to be dependent uncertain variables with normal distribution having known expectation, variance, and covariance that change from one period to the next one, randomly...

In the background of global carbon-neutral requirements, enterprises need to control carbon emissions in process product lifecycles order gain market competitive advantages. Previous configuration studies, mostly focused on minimizing dioxide emissions, have ignored issue costs. This study quantifies costs borne by and cost government, respectively. A model for suppliers, enterprises, customers...

abstract: in most industries the cost of raw materials and component parts constitutes almost 60% percent of cost of a product (in some industries up to 80%). in this situation, proper sourcing can play a key role in an organization's efficiency and effectiveness, because it has a direct effect on cost reduction, profitability and flexibility of a company. in this paper, determining the op...