Abstract In Drosophila , direction-selective neurons implement a mechanism of motion computation similar to cortical neurons, using contrast-opponent receptive fields with ON and OFF subfields. It is not clear how the presynaptic circuitry in pathway supports this if all major inputs are OFF-rectified neurons. Here, we reveal biological substrate for pathway. Three interneurons, Tm2, Tm9 CT1, p...

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soy milk on serum 17- β estradiol level and number of neurons in cerebral cortex and hippocampus as well as determination of the ratio of neurons in cortical and hippocampal regions in neonatal ovariectomized rats. Thirty female rats (one day old) were divided into six groups of five. At day 7, ovariectomy surgery was performed in four groups a...

Immature neurons undergo morphological and physiological maturation in order to establish neuronal networks. During maturation, a large number of genes change their transcriptional levels, these changes may be mediated by chromatin modifiers. In this study, we found that the level Ezh1, component Polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2), increases during mouse neocortical culture. addition, conditi...

background: ketamine is a commonly used intravenous anesthetic which produces dissociation anesthesia, analgesia, and amnesia. the mechanism of ketamine-induced synaptic inhibition in high-level cortical areas is still unknown. we aimed to elucidate the effects of different concentrations of ketamine on the glutamatergic synaptic transmission of the neurons in the primary somatosensory cortex b...

Background: Recently, ultrasonic neuromodulation research has been an important and interesting issue. Ultrasonic neuromodulation is possible by the use of low-intensity transcranial focused ultrasound (tFUS) to stimulate or inhibit the neural structures. The primary capability of this method is the improvement in the treatment progress of certain neurological and psychiatric disorders noninvas...

Early postmitotic cortical neurons are mostly corticofugal projection neurons that take up positions in deep cortical laminae. Later postmitotic neurons are preferentially localized to superficial cortical laminae. In reeler mutant mice it appears that cortical laminar positions with respect to birthdate are reversed (Caviness, 1982). In a reanalysis of reeler lamination we found that early pos...