We consider knowledge representation (KR) formalisms as collections of finite knowledge bases with a model-theoretic semantics. In this setting, we show that for every KR formalism there is a formalism that characterizes strong equivalence in the original formalism, that is unique up to isomorphism and that has a model theory similar to classical logic.

I f an intracellular parasite is too successful at hiding itself, it can end up starving. Toxoplasma gondii gets around this potential problem by munching nutrient-fi lled host lysosomes, say Isabelle Coppens and colleagues. T. gondii has an extraordinary mechanism for creating a parasitophorous vacuole (PV) around itself—it motors into a host mammalian cell and uses a ring-shaped moving juncti...

The Bruggeman formalism provides an estimate of the effective permittivity of a particulate composite medium comprising two component mediums. The Bruggeman estimate is required to lie within the Wiener bounds and the Hashin–Shtrikman bounds. Considering the homogenization of weakly dissipative component mediums characterized by relative permittivities with real parts of opposite signs, we show...

In this note, we construct Noether charges for the chiral supergravity, which contains the Lorentz Chern–Simons term, by applying Wald’s prescription to the vielbein formalism. We investigate the AdS3/CFT2 correspondence by using the vielbein formalism. The asymptotic symmetry group is carefully examined by taking into account the local Lorentz transformation, and we construct super Virasoro al...

form-centered reading is a trend which has existed among muslim critics long ago and been reflected further as “formalist” in modern era. such type of view about a textinvestigates it as a linguistic innovation. from formalists' point of view, a literary text contains a fundamental elementcalled text literature which a literate can achieve it through different mechanisms which itself gives...