22 Traditional explanations for the evolution of high orbital convergence and stereoscopic vision in 23 primates have focused on how stereopsis might have aided early primates in foraging or 24 locomoting in an arboreal environment. It has recently been suggested that predation risk by 25 constricting snakes was the selective force which favored the evolution of orbital convergence in 26 early ...

Convergent evolution is central to the study of life's evolutionary history. Researchers have documented the ubiquity of convergence and have used this ubiquity to make inferences about the nature of limits on evolution. However, these inferences are compromised by unrecognized inconsistencies in the definitions, measures, significance tests and inferred causes of convergent evolution. I review...

We introduce the hash history mechanism for capturing dependencies among distributed replicas. Hash histories, consisting of a directed graph of version hashes, are independent of the number of active nodes but dependent on the rate and number of modifications. We present the basic hash history scheme and discuss mechanisms for trimming the history over time. We simulate the efficacy of hash hi...

The long history of both zoological and palaeontological research on the bivalves has revealed a startling degree of convergence and parallel evolution which has hampered the interpretation of their evolutionary history. However new discoveries and developments make it timely for a new concerted effort to integrate zoological and palaeontological techniques to improve comprehension of the evolu...