Uniaxial tensile tests of aluminium-lithium alloy AA1420 were conducted at superplastic forming conditions. The mechanical properties of this Al-Li alloy were then modelled by a set of physicallybased constitutive equations. The constitutive equations describe the isotropic work hardening, recovery and damage by dislocation density changes and grain size evolution. Based on a recent upgraded op...

impact responses of rectangular composite plates with embedded shape memory alloy (sma) wires are investigated in the present research. the plate is assumed to be placed in a thermal environment; so that in contrast to the available researches in the field, the shape memory and ferroelasticity effects have to be considered also in addition to the superelasticity. the governing equations are der...

We show that the problem of unifying electromagnetism with gravity has an elegant solution in classical physics through the phenomenon of induction. By studying the way that induction leads to the formation of electromagnetic fields, we identify the classical field equations which the unified field must satisfy and a corresponding set of constitutive equations for the medium sustaining the fiel...

the capability of sand constitutive models is remarkably improved by taking into account the effect of soil state in their formulations. in this study, it has been shown that considering the effect of soil state leads to better simulation of soil instability of shear banding type. to this aim, constitutive equations of a state dependent sand model are explained first. consequently, the general ...

Johnson-Cook constitutive equation is one of the most famous constitutive equations that have ever been developed to model the hot deformation flow curves of different materials. This equation is a predefined model in the traditional finite element codes to describe the material behavior in applications such as simulating the manufacturing processes. In this work, two different genetic algorith...